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PSYCH concepts last test > Psych ch 10 end > Flashcards

Psych ch 10 end Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of validity in the context of IQ tests?

A

Validity refers to the degree to which an IQ test measures what it claims to measure—intelligence.

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2
Q

How do contemporary IQ tests assess working memory?

A

They use tasks like digit span and letter-number sequencing to evaluate an individual’s ability to hold and manipulate information.

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3
Q

What was a major flaw in early IQ tests like the Stanford-Binet?

A

They were predominantly verbal which limited their effectiveness for non-native English speakers.

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4
Q

How do specific abilities (s) relate to general intelligence (g)?

A

**Specific abilities **are the individual skills that, when combined, contribute to the overall measure of general intelligence.

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5
Q

What is the relationship between specific abilities and performance on IQ tests?

A

Performance on specific ability tests is often positively correlated meaning strong performance in one area usually indicates strength in other IQ abilities.

But, strong IQ does not mean sucess in life.

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6
Q

What is the importance of nonverbal reasoning tests developed by Wechsler?

A

They allow for the assessment of intelligence without the limitations imposed by language making the tests more equitable.

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7
Q

What do IQ tests fail to predict?

A

IQ tests do not predict success in relationships, mental health outcomes, or street smarts.

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8
Q

What IQ score range is considered average?

A

An IQ score between 85 and 115 is considered average.

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9
Q

significance of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A

Quantities intelligence into a single score allowing for easy comparison with a norm group.

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10
Q

What innovative approach did David Wechsler introduce in IQ testing?

A

Wechsler developed nonverbal tests to measure reasoning skills independent of language proficiency.

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11
Q

What is the role of verbal comprehension in contemporary IQ tests?

A

Verbal comprehension assesses crystallized knowledge gained through education impacting overall IQ scores.

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12
Q

What is the significance of a standard deviation in IQ testing?

A

A standard deviation in IQ testing is a measure of variability indicating that about 68% of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

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13
Q

How do IQ tests assist in diagnosing learning disabilities?

A

IQ tests help identify discrepancies between intellectual ability and academic achievement indicating potential learning disabilities.

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14
Q

What does the term ‘floor’ refer to in IQ testing?

A

The ‘floor’ in IQ testing refers to the lowest possible score a test taker can achieve typically set at 40.

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15
Q

What is the average IQ score in the population?

A

The average IQ score in the population is defined as 100.

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16
Q

How do standard deviations help in interpreting IQ scores?

A

Standard deviations help categorize IQ scores into ranges that indicate below average, average, or above average intelligence.

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17
Q

What are mid-level abilities in the context of IQ tests?

A

Mid-level abilities serve as categories that link specific abilities to general intelligence reflecting intermediate cognitive functions.

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18
Q

What does reliability in IQ testing refer to?

A

Reliability indicates the consistency of IQ scores across time and different administrators of the test.

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19
Q

What was a key insight from the American military regarding intelligence testing?

A

The military recognized that hereditary assumptions about leadership were flawed and sought to identify intelligence through testing instead.

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20
Q

What does high validity in IQ tests indicate?

A

High validity in IQ tests suggests they are predictive of educational and occupational success.

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21
Q

How is the normal distribution relevant to IQ scores?

A

The normal distribution indicates that most IQ scores cluster around the average score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15.

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22
Q

What does a score below 70 on an IQ test indicate?

A

A score below 70 may indicate extremely low intellectual functioning often associated with developmental disorders.

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23
Q

What is the lowest possible score on an IQ test?

A

The lowest possible score on an IQ test is typically 40.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of using IQ tests in clinical settings?

A

IQ tests are used in clinical settings to assess cognitive abilities, diagnose learning disabilities, and provide tailored support.

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25
Q

What is a significant critique of ‘The Bell Curve’?

A

A significant critique of ‘The Bell Curve’ is its reliance on flawed empirical data and controversial interpretations regarding race and intelligence.

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26
Q

What is the effect of instructional quality on learning disabilities?

A

Poor instructional quality can exacerbate learning disabilities misleading observers to attribute difficulties to lack of effort instead of cognitive challenges.

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27
Q

How do IQ tests assist in understanding individual differences in education?

A

IQ tests provide data that can help identify why some students struggle despite having average cognitive abilities guiding interventions.

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28
Q

What implications does heritability have for intelligence research?

A

Heritability implies that while genetics play a role in intelligence environmental factors are also critical in shaping cognitive abilities.

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29
Q

What does a score above 130 on an IQ test suggest?

A

A score above 130 indicates potential giftedness with fewer than 2% of the population achieving this score.

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30
Q

What is the heritability of IQ?

A

The heritability of IQ is approximately 50% indicating that genetic factors account for about half of the variability in intelligence.

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31
Q

How does heritability of IQ change with age?

A

Heritability estimates for IQ increase with age due to more homogeneous environmental experiences among individuals.

32
Q

What is a common misconception about IQ test scores?

A

A common misconception is that an IQ score of 100 indicates perfect performance when it actually represents average intelligence.

33
Q

What was the premise of ‘The Bell Curve’ by Hernstein and Murray?

A

‘The Bell Curve’ examines racial disparities in IQ scores and suggests socio-economic implications based on intelligence.

34
Q

What factors can affect the interpretation of IQ scores?

A

Factors such as cultural background, educational opportunities, and socio-economic status can affect the interpretation of IQ scores.

35
Q

What role do IQ tests play in identifying giftedness?

A

IQ tests are utilized to discern giftedness by identifying scores significantly above the average typically above 130.

36
Q

What does the Flynn effect refer to?

A

The Flynn effect describes the observed increase in average IQ scores across generations contradicting claims of declining national IQ.

37
Q

How does heritability relate to environmental factors in assessing IQ?

A

Heritability estimates can be influenced by environmental factors, and in impoverished environments, heritability for IQ may be low or negligible.

38
Q

What outcome measures were observed in participants of the HighScope Perry Project at age 40?

A

Participants showed higher rates of high school graduation, employment, and lower rates of incarceration compared to the control group.

39
Q

What is the argument made by Bernstein and Murray regarding IQ differences?

A

Bernstein and Murray argued that IQ differences between racial groups are primarily genetic a claim criticized for its lack of empirical support.

40
Q

What is the significance of the Human Diversity Foundation in the context of sociobiology?

A

The Human Diversity Foundation promotes the idea that behavioral differences, including IQ, between racial groups are genetically based, perpetuating scientific racism.

41
Q

What are the criticisms of the arguments presented in ‘The Bell Curve’?

A

Critics argue that ‘The Bell Curve’ misinterprets data regarding intelligence and race promoting a flawed understanding of genetic determinism.

42
Q

How do sociobiological arguments misrepresent the relationship between genetics and behavior?

A

Sociobiological arguments often oversimplify complex social behaviors by attributing them solely to genetic factors.

43
Q

What does the term ‘stereotype threat’ refer to in cognitive testing?

A

Stereotype threat refers to the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group which can adversely affect performance on tests.

44
Q

What is the relationship between environmental factors and heritability estimates?

A

In impoverished environments, heritability estimates for IQ are lower, as environmental factors have a greater impact on intelligence.

45
Q

How can IQ scores influence educational approaches?

A

IQ scores can inform educators about student capabilities helping to differentiate instruction and address learning barriers.

46
Q

Why should IQ tests be used cautiously?

A

IQ tests should be used cautiously because they do not capture all aspects of intelligence or predict overall life success.

47
Q

How do IQ tests relate to occupational success?

A

IQ tests are predictive of occupational success as they often correlate with cognitive abilities required in various job roles.

48
Q

What is the significance of the upper tail of the IQ distribution?

A

The upper tail of the IQ distribution identifies individuals who may be classified as gifted typically scoring two standard deviations above the mean.

49
Q

What does a score between 70 and 85 on an IQ test indicate?

A

A score between 70 and 85 indicates below-average intellectual functioning but does not necessarily signify a learning disability.

50
Q

What is the importance of understanding the normal distribution in IQ testing?

A

Understanding the normal distribution is crucial for interpreting how an individual’s score compares to the general population.

51
Q

What is Jensen’s error in the context of heritability and group differences?

A

Jensen’s error refers to the fallacy of assuming that heritability estimates for a trait in one population can be applied to differences between groups in different environments.

52
Q

What does the concept of dysgenic pressure imply according to Bernstein and Murray?

A

Dysgenic pressure refers to the belief that higher reproduction rates in groups with lower average IQs will lead to a decline in the national average IQ.

53
Q

What are the limitations of the Head Start program according to the lecture?

A

The Head Start program’s mixed outcomes are attributed to varying fidelity to the program’s implementation guidelines.

54
Q

What does the Flynn effect refer to?

A

The Flynn effect describes the observed increase in IQ scores over time across generations.

55
Q

What is scientific racism as defined by the National Institutes of Health?

A

Scientific racism is the misuse of scientific research to promote the idea of racial superiority or inferiority.

56
Q

How does stereotype threat impact performance on cognitive tests?

A

Stereotype threat can cause anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes which may hinder performance on cognitive tests.

57
Q

What is the importance of understanding the environment’s role in intelligence?

A

Recognizing the environment’s role is crucial for addressing educational inequalities and improving cognitive outcomes.

58
Q

What are the potential societal implications of the arguments made by Bernstein and Murray?

A

The arguments can influence public policy and societal attitudes toward race, intelligence, and education, leading to harmful stereotypes and discrimination.

59
Q

What is the significance of understanding heritability in intelligence research?

A

Understanding heritability helps clarify the relative contributions of genetics and environment to individual differences in intelligence.

60
Q

What role does the environment play in determining IQ according to the lecture?

A

The environment significantly shapes intellectual development affecting where individuals fall within their genetic reaction ranges.

61
Q

What is the significance of the HighScope Perry Project?

A

It is a rigorous early intervention program that demonstrated significant positive outcomes in cognitive development for disadvantaged children.

62
Q

What is the relationship between early intervention programs and cognitive development?

A

Early intervention programs, when implemented effectively, can enhance cognitive development and lead to better educational and life outcomes.

63
Q

What is the empirical flaw in attributing group IQ differences solely to genetics?

A

Attributing group IQ differences solely to genetics ignores the significant impact of environmental factors and context on cognitive development.

64
Q

What does the term ‘dysgenic pressure’ imply according to Bernstein and Murray?

A

Dysgenic pressure suggests that lower IQ individuals reproduce at higher rates, potentially leading to a decline in average IQ over generations, a concept largely discredited.

65
Q

What is the relationship between genetic variability and racial groups?

A

Genetic variability is greater within racial groups than between them challenging the notion of meaningful genetic differences among races.

66
Q

What is the critique of sociobiology in explaining social disparities?

A

Sociobiology often fails to adequately explain social disparities through biological mechanisms as social factors play a more significant role.

67
Q

What is the empirical flaw in attributing group IQ differences solely to genetics?

A

Attributing group IQ differences solely to genetics ignores the substantial influence of environmental factors and socioeconomic conditions.

68
Q

What is the argument made by Bernstein and Murray regarding IQ differences?

A

They argue that persistent group differences in IQ must be genetic due to IQ being a heritable trait.

69
Q

What is the concept of reaction range in relation to IQ?

A

Reaction range refers to the idea that genetics sets the potential limits for intelligence while environmental factors determine where an individual falls within that range.

70
Q

What is the heritability of IQ and its estimated contribution from environment?

A

IQ is estimated to be about 50% heritable with the other 50% attributed to environmental influences.

71
Q

What are the implications of environmental factors on IQ test performance?

A

Environmental conditions significantly influence IQ test performance suggesting that disparities may arise from social rather than genetic factors.

72
Q

What is the role of cognitive psychology in understanding IQ and stereotypes?

A

Cognitive psychology examines how stereotypes can affect individual performance particularly under high-stakes testing conditions.

73
Q

What does the term ‘sociobiology’ encompass?

A

Sociobiology attempts to explain social behaviors and disparities through biological processes often emphasizing genetic factors.

74
Q

What is the critique of using IQ tests as a definitive measure of intelligence?

A

IQ tests may not encompass the full range of human intelligence and can be influenced by various cultural and environmental factors.

75
Q

What is the relationship between anxiety and performance in high-stakes testing situations?

A

In high-stakes situations anxiety can impair performance

76
Q

What are the main components of the argument against genetic explanations for racial differences in IQ?

A

The argument against genetic explanations emphasizes greater genetic diversity within racial groups and the significant role of environmental influences

PSYCH concepts last test (5 decks)

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