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PSYCH concepts last test > PSYCH AI ch 9 language > Flashcards

PSYCH AI ch 9 language Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean for a language to be rule-bound?

A

Language is governed by specific rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to communicate effectively.

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2
Q

What is the role of syntax in language?

A

Syntax refers to the set of rules that determine the structure and order of words in sentences.

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3
Q

What is the interpersonal aspect of language?

A

Language serves to communicate thoughts and emotions between individuals, facilitating social interaction.

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4
Q

What is the role of creativity in language use?

A

Creativity in language allows individuals to combine symbols in unique ways to express new ideas and emotions.

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5
Q

How do nonhuman animals use symbols?

A

Nonhuman animals can learn to recognize and use symbols to communicate, though their ability is less flexible than that of humans.

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6
Q

What is an example of a phonological challenge for non-native English speakers?

A

The combination of sounds in the word ‘squirrel’ can be particularly difficult for speakers of other languages.

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7
Q

What are phonological rules in language?

A

Phonological rules dictate the permissible combinations and sounds of phonemes in a given language.

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8
Q

How does human language differ from animal communication?

A

Human language allows for creative use of symbols, enabling the generation of novel sentences that convey complex ideas.

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9
Q

As children’s verbal skills develop, their reliance on nonverbal communication, such as tantrums, decreases.

A
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10
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech sound in a language.

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11
Q

What is the phenomenon of overgeneralization in language development?

A

Overgeneralization occurs when children incorrectly apply language rules, such as using ‘mices’ instead of ‘mice’.

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12
Q

What are phonological rules?

A

Phonological rules dictate the permissible combinations of sounds in a given language.

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13
Q

What is the defining characteristic of language?

A

Language is symbolic, meaning it uses symbols to convey meaning.

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14
Q

What are morphological rules?

A

Morphological rules govern how morphemes, the smallest units of meaning, are combined to form words.

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15
Q

What is the significance of the example ‘colorless green ideas sleep furiously’?

A

This example illustrates that humans can create grammatically correct sentences that may lack coherent meaning.

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16
Q

Explain the concept of infinite possibilities in language despite being rule-bound.

A

While languages have rules, the combinations of symbols allow for an almost limitless expression of ideas and meanings.

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17
Q

What is the impact of language on conveying complex ideas?

A

Language enables the expression of intricate thoughts and emotions that would be difficult to communicate through nonverbal means alone.

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18
Q

What distinguishes human symbolic communication from that of other species?

A

Humans uniquely possess the ability to create and understand complex sentences that may not have immediate relevance or meaning.

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19
Q

What are morphemes in language?

A

Morphemes are the smallest grammatical units in a language that carry meaning.

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20
Q

Describe the differences in word formation between English and German.

A

English tends to separate words to modify meaning, while German often combines words into longer constructions.

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21
Q

What are syntactic rules?

A

Syntactic rules, or grammar, dictate how words can be combined to form sentences.

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22
Q

What role does prosody play in language?

A

Prosody refers to the rhythm, tone, and pitch of speech, which can significantly alter meaning.

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23
Q

What is the relationship between morphemes and memory?

A

Morpheme combinations are stored in memory as networks of related terms.

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24
Q

What is the role of rhythm in speech?

A

Rhythm can convey emotions such as excitement or frustration, enhancing communication.

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25
Q

What is the impact of grammatical structure on children’s language use?

A

Children may grasp grammatical structures even if they mispronounce words or misuse morphemes.

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26
Q

What are the implications of recognizing grammatical violations?

A

Fast recognition of grammatical violations indicates that the understanding of grammar is automatic.

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27
Q

What role do facial expressions play in communication?

A

Facial expressions convey important emotional information that can significantly alter the meaning of spoken language.

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28
Q

What is the language acquisition device proposed by Noam Chomsky?

A

The language acquisition device is a theoretical construct that suggests humans are born with a specialized mechanism in the brain for learning language.

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29
Q

How can strokes affect language abilities?

A

Strokes can impair either comprehension or production of language, leading to conditions where individuals can speak but not understand or vice versa.

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30
Q

What is the importance of transience in detecting lies?

A

Transience indicates that people’s memories for fabricated stories are often inconsistent, which can be exploited to identify potential dishonesty.

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31
Q

How can infants’ preferences for faces influence their development?

A

Infants are naturally drawn to face-like patterns, which helps them recognize social interactions and emotional cues essential for their development.

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32
Q

What is the significance of the motor planning area in speech?

A

The motor planning area is crucial for coordinating complex movements required for articulating speech sounds.

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33
Q

How does cultural context influence the interpretation of communication?

A

Cultural context shapes the rules for eye contact, gestures, and facial expressions, which can alter the meaning of communication.

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34
Q

What is the role of gestures in language learning for children?

A

Gestures play a fundamental role in language learning by helping children express and emphasize their thoughts before they acquire verbal skills.

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35
Q

What can be inferred about a person’s emotional state through their facial expressions?

A

Facial expressions can provide clear indicators of a person’s emotional state, influencing the interpretation of their verbal communication.

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36
Q

How do nonverbal cues relate to the effectiveness of communication?

A

Nonverbal cues can greatly enhance or undermine the effectiveness of communication, influencing how messages are received and interpreted.

37
Q

What is the significance of morphological rules?

A
38
Q

Morphological rules govern how morphemes are combined to form words.

A
39
Q

How does tone of voice affect communication?

A

Tone of voice can change the interpretation of the same words, such as indicating sarcasm or sincerity.

40
Q

Explain the role of punctuation in grammatical clarity.

A

Punctuation can change the meaning of sentences, highlighting the importance of grammatical structure.

41
Q

How do infants learn language through prosodic elements?

A

Infants learn language by responding to exaggerated pitch and rhythm used by adults.

42
Q

How does language development progress in children?

A

Children typically master phonological, morphological, and syntactic rules in a specific developmental timeline.

43
Q

How does sarcasm affect communication?

A

Sarcasm relies on tone and context to convey a meaning opposite to the literal interpretation of words.

44
Q

How can dialects influence perceptions of intelligence?

A

Different dialects, such as a British versus a Southern accent, can lead to judgments about a speaker’s intelligence despite the content being the same.

45
Q

What is the significance of eye contact in communication?

A

Eye contact can convey confidence or aggression, and its interpretation can vary culturally and contextually.

46
Q

What is the nativist theory of language development?

A

The nativist theory posits that humans have an innate biological capacity for language, enabling rapid language acquisition without direct instruction.

47
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Broca’s area, located in the left prefrontal cortex, is specialized for the production of speech sounds.

48
Q

How does nonverbal communication affect perceptions of honesty?

A

Nonverbal cues can lead to suspicions of dishonesty, but there are no reliable indicators of lying; familiarity with a person may help detect inconsistencies.

49
Q

What is the impact of emotional expression on verbal communication?

A

The emotional tone conveyed through expressions can dramatically change the interpretation of verbal messages.

50
Q

What can aggressive eye contact signify in communication?

A

Aggressive eye contact can create feelings of intimidation or discomfort in social interactions.

51
Q

How does familiarity with a speaker affect interpretation of nonverbal signals?

A

Familiarity with a speaker allows individuals to better detect inconsistencies in nonverbal signals, which may indicate underlying issues.

52
Q

How do prosodic elements contribute to language comprehension?

A

Prosodic elements, such as intonation and rhythm, enhance language comprehension by providing cues about meaning and emotion.

53
Q

What is the relationship between language and social cues in infants?

A

Infants rely on social cues, such as eye contact and facial expressions, to decode the emotional content and meaning of language.

54
Q

How do strokes affect Broca’s area and language production?

A

Strokes affecting

55
Q

What is the nativist perspective on language development?

A

The nativist perspective suggests that language acquisition is largely driven by innate biological mechanisms, making it difficult to interfere with language development.

56
Q

How can communication boards assist individuals with articulation issues?

A
57
Q

Communication boards provide visual aids that allow individuals with articulation difficulties to point to words or images to convey their messages.

A
58
Q

What is the effect of tiredness on language production after a stroke?

A

Tiredness can affect an individual’s ability to access and utilize language, leading to fluctuating speech clarity and coherence.

59
Q

How does the interactionist perspective explain children’s language acquisition?

A

The interactionist perspective explains that children’s language acquisition is influenced by both their biological readiness and the language exposure they receive from their environment.

60
Q

How do grammatical rules impact language comprehension?

A

Grammatical rules are so ingrained that violations are quickly recognized, even by young children.

61
Q

What is the importance of context in understanding word meanings?

A

Context helps determine which vocabulary network to access for the correct meaning of a word.

62
Q

How do dialects influence language comprehension?

A

Dialects introduce variations in pronunciation and vocabulary that can affect understanding.

63
Q

What is an example of how context clarifies ambiguous meanings?

A

The phrase we saw her duck’ can mean either observing a pet or witnessing someone throw something.

64
Q

What is the function of networks in vocabulary storage?

A

Vocabulary is organized into networks that allow for efficient retrieval of related meanings.

65
Q

What is the significance of the example ‘let’s eat grandpa’?

A

This example illustrates how punctuation changes meaning, distinguishing between inviting someone to eat or addressing them.

66
Q

What is uptalking in speech patterns?

A

Uptalking is a speech pattern where the pitch rises at the end of every sentence, making statements sound like questions and potentially conveying uncertainty.

67
Q

How do gestures enhance verbal communication?

A

Gestures serve to modify and emphasize verbal communication, playing a crucial role in effective expression and language acquisition.

68
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area, located in the superior temporal lobe, is responsible for the comprehension of language.

69
Q

What are the roles of the left and right hemispheres in language processing?

A

The left hemisphere processes the meanings of words while the right hemisphere processes prosodic elements, such as tone and emotion.

70
Q

What is the role of nonverbal cues in language acquisition for children?

A

Nonverbal cues, such as gestures and facial expressions, are critical for children as they learn to communicate before they understand words.

71
Q

What is the relationship between language acquisition and brain specialization?

A

Language acquisition is supported by specialized brain areas that facilitate decoding and producing symbolic communication.

72
Q

How do children utilize nonverbal communication before acquiring language?

A

Children use nonverbal communication, such as eye contact and gestures, to understand and convey meaning long before they can articulate words.

73
Q

What are the implications of inconsistent nonverbal cues in communication?

A

Inconsistent nonverbal cues can lead to misunderstandings and may signal deception or discomfort.

74
Q

What is the impact of social interactions on language development in infants?

A

Social interactions provide infants with essential cues for language development, including emotional expressions and gestures.

75
Q

How does the understanding of language development evolve over time?

A

Understanding of language development has shifted from rigid nativist theories to contemporary views emphasizing the role of brain areas in communication.

76
Q

What is the interactionist theory in language development?

A

Interactionist theory posits that both neurobiological readiness and environmental exposure to language are crucial for language acquisition.

77
Q

What is the significance of inner monologue in language processing?

A

Inner monologue refers to the ability to think and articulate thoughts internally, which can be disrupted by certain brain injuries.

78
Q

How does aphasia differ from Tourette’s syndrome in terms of communication?

A

Aphasia involves difficulty in articulating thoughts despite knowing what to say, while Tourette’s syndrome involves involuntary tics that affect speech control.

79
Q

What does the term ‘word salad’ refer to in language disorders?

A

‘Word salad’ is a term used to describe disorganized and nonsensical speech output often seen in individuals with certain types of aphasia.

80
Q

What is the role of signing in communication for deaf individuals?

A

For deaf individuals, signing engages Broca’s area in the brain, highlighting that communication can occur through visual inputs rather than auditory ones.

81
Q

What is the relationship between language exposure and children’s vocabulary development?

A

Increased exposure to language significantly enhances children’s vocabulary development and their ability to articulate thoughts.

82
Q

How do children learn compelling words, such as swear words?

A

Children often learn compelling words through minimal exposure, which quickly becomes part of their vocabulary due to the emotional weight these words carry.

83
Q

How can different types of strokes influence language recovery?

A

Different types of strokes can result in varying degrees of language impairment and recovery, depending on the areas of the brain affected.

84
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Conduction aphasia is a type of language disorder characterized by poor speech repetition and comprehension, often resulting in nonsensical speech output known as ‘word salad.’

85
Q

What role does the right hemisphere play in language after a left hemisphere injury?After

A

a left hemisphere injury, the right hemisphere can take over some language functions due to neural reorganization.

86
Q

How does exposure to language in early development vary with socioeconomic status?

A

Children from different socioeconomic backgrounds experience significant discrepancies in language exposure, which can impact their language development.

87
Q

What is the impact of a severe brain injury on communication abilities?

A

Severe brain injuries can disrupt the coordination of language production and comprehension, affecting an individual’s ability to communicate effectively.

88
Q

What is the significance of the homologous area in the right hemisphere during language recovery?

A

The homologous area in the right hemisphere can compensate for lost language functions after injury to the left hemisphere, facilitating recovery.

89
Q

What is the role of syntax language

A

The set of rules that determine the structure and order of worddx in sentences

PSYCH concepts last test (3 decks)

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