Psych Ch 1

Question 1

What protects the brain?

Answer 1

meninges -dura, arachnoid and pia(DAP)

Question 2

Basic functions of the brain located?

Answer 2

lower parts of the brain- hind brain

Question 3

Higher brain functions?

Answer 3

higher brain centers- forebrain

Question 4

Forebrain parts?

Answer 4

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 5

Hindbrain embryonic origin?

Answer 5

rhombencephalon

Question 6

Rhombencephalon divides to form?

Answer 6

metencephalon (pons &cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Question 7

Midbrain embryonic origin?

Answer 7

Mesencephalon

• Superior folliculi- (s-sight- visual)
• Inferior folliculi (auditory)

Question 8

Forebrain embryonic origin?

Answer 8

Prosencephalon -

• telecencephalon(cerebral cortex, basal gnaulai, limbic system) -
• diencenphalon (thalamus, hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

Question 9

Neuropsychology?

Answer 9

way to study brain:

-cortical maps, rCBF, MRI, fMRI, PET-scan, CT, EEG

Question 10

Thalamus function?

Answer 10

relay station for all sensory input except smell.

-think way station

Question 11

Hypothalamus function?

Answer 11

4Fs{ feeding, fighting, flighting, sexual function}

Homeostatic functions- release hormones

• LH( lacks hunger)- starve to death
• VMH( very much hungry)- satiety- stop eating-obesity
• AH-asexual

Question 12

Posterior pituitary functions?

Answer 12

Store ADH and oxytocin

Question 13

Pineal gland

Answer 13

Circadian rhythms- melatonin

rem- retinal signals control pineal gland secretion of melatonin

Question 14

Basal ganglia functions?

Answer 14

Smoothen and coordinate muscle movement via EPS to the brain and spinal cord.( receive info from cortex, sends to brain+spinal cord via EPS)

EPS- gathers spatial arrangement of the body

Question 15

Limbic system function?

Answer 15

Emotions and memory

• septal nuclei-1⁰pleasure centers- addiction
• amygdala-defensiveness, agression, fear
• hippocampus-learning and memory

Question 16

What is fornix?

Answer 16

Tube connecting parts of the limbic system

Question 17

Anterograde amnesia?

Answer 17

Forgets everything after TBI. past memories conserved

Question 18

Retrograde amnesia?

Answer 18

Forgets old staff, ie. everything before TBI

Question 19

Cerebral cortex lobes?

Answer 19

F-POT

• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Temporal lobe

Question 20

Frontal lobe?

Answer 20

consists of 2 parts:

prefrontal and motor cortex

PC: executive functions{perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning} i.e tells me to remember, coordinates with reticular formation to make me stay alert/ awake

TBI to PC; vulgar, impulsive, depressed, apathetic, cuss

Question 21

Frontal lobe- motor cortex?

Answer 21

Initiates voluntary muscle movements

rem; projection vs association areas

Question 22

Frontal lobe- Broca’s area?

Answer 22

{left hemisphere}

-Speech production

Question 23

Parietal lobe

Answer 23

• Somatosensory projection area for pain, pressure, touch, temp
• Spatial processing i.e map reading, manipulation of objects, orientation

Question 24

Occipital lobe

Answer 24

Visual cortex/ striate cortex

Question 25

Temporal lobe

Answer 25

• auditory cortex-music and speech reception
• Wernicke’s area- language reception and comprehension
• Memory and emotion- hippocampus located deep in this lobe

Question 26

Contralateral?

Answer 26

Right——>left

Left——>right

Question 27

Ipsilateral

Answer 27

left controls left and right controls right

Question 28

Dominant hemisphere?

Answer 28

One that gets stimulated the most during language reception and

production.

Question 29

Dominant hemisphere location?

Answer 29

Usually left;

analytic, language, math skills

Question 30

Non-dominant hemisphere?

Answer 30

Usually right;

• music cognition, intuition,faces, creativity, spatial processing.
• interprets emotional tone of language

Question 31

Acetylcholine

Function and location

Answer 31

Both in CNS and PNS

• CNS- attention and alertness (think dementia)
• PNS-muscle movement, nerve impulses

Question 32

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

function; chemical type

Answer 32

catecholamines (monoamines)

-Play role in alertness, wakefulness, fight/flight response and emotional experience

Rem: too low norepi= depression, too much= anxiety, mania

Question 33

Dopamine (catecholamine) function?

Answer 33

Coordinate posture and movement

Rem: found in basal ganglia helps smoothens movement via EPS (parkinsons- basal ganglia destroyed).

Schizophrenia= too much dopamine or oversensitivity of brain receptors to dopamine

Question 34

Serotonin function

Answer 34

Mood, sleep, eating and dreaming

Too much= mania

Too low= depression

Question 35

Functions of GABA, Glycine and Glutamate?

Answer 35

Glycine and GABA are neuronal stabilisers i.e inhibitory effects. Glutamate is excitatory in nature

Glycine- hyperpolarises post-synaptic membrane neurons by increasing Cl^- ion concentration

Question 36

Function of neuropeptides/ neuromodulators

Answer 36

Slow acting but long lasting effects to post-synaptic cells. eg endorphins and enkephalins- pain killers

Question 37

Endocrine system glands respinsible for behaviour?

Answer 37

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads

Question 38

Neurulation, define?

Answer 38

development of nerve tissue 3-4 weeks gestation

Question 39

Neural tissue comes from what?

Answer 39

ectodermal cells

ectoderm=>neural folds with neural groove in the middle. Neural crest(cells on leading edge migrate to form melanocytes, dorsal root ganglion and calcitonon producing cells. Furrow closes to form neural tube= CNS. neural tube= alar plate(sensory neurons) +basal plate (motor neurons)