Identity and Personality

Question 1

self schema

Answer 1

it’s a label that comes with associated traits eg “premed”= future doctor, smart, organized etc

Question 2

Gender identity

Answer 2

how one consider themselves either male or female

Question 3

Androgyny vs undifferentiated

Answer 3

androgyny gets high scores n both being feminine and masculine. undifferentiated get lowest scores at both

Question 4

What age is gender ID established?

Answer 4

3 yrs old

Question 5

Describe gender schema theory

Answer 5

gender id is transmitted via culture and rules of society

Question 6

Ethnic vs national ID

Answer 6

Ethnic ID- shared ancestry, language and culture- born into it

National ID- determined by political boundaries

Question 7

Hierachy of salience

Answer 7

how we organize our identity depending on the situation given multiple roles eg in a homogenous group of either males or females, no gender ID may be spoken of but when the group has mixed IDs then those IDs are pronounced. someone who is a doctor, mum, farmer will have the MD id more salient incase of a medical emergency.

A salient identity is the one that comes out during the situation

Question 8

Self discrepancy theory

Answer 8

States that each of us has at least 3 selves

• Actual self- what you really are
• Ideal self- what we wish to be
• Ought self- what others make us to be

self esteem is high if all the three are nearly identical

Question 9

Self elfficacy and learned helplessness

Answer 9

• Self efficacy- belief in our own abilities to turn things around
• Learned helplessness- the behaviour exhibited after repeated real or imagined negative stimuli that one has no perceived control over.

Question 10

Locus of control

Answer 10

• Sphere of influence
• Internal locus- power is within
• External locus- power is outside, you’re powerless

Question 11

Psychosexual devt by Freud

Answer 11

• Libidinal tensions (just like drives) are associated with errogenous parts of the body and have to be relieved

Question 12

Fixation vs mastery

Answer 12

Fixation is getting stuck in a devt stage as an adult then it manifests as neurosis.

Mastering is getting over the stage with no residual tensions

Question 13

Stages of Freudian psychosexual devt

Answer 13

• Oral (0-1)- everything into mouth. Fixation produces dependency issues
• Anal (1-3)gratification from eliminating and holding wastes. Fixated= anal- retentive person(extreme orderliness) or sloppy
• Phallic (3-5) Oedipal- boys have envy towards dad. Girls towards mum. Girls have penis envy. Sublimate these tensions by doing activities or going to school
• Latency-(5-puberty) all sexual urges are latent
• Genital (purbety till adulthood) child grows into healthy heterosexual

Question 14

Eriksons stages of psychosocial devt

Answer 14

there are crises in each stage that need resolution. dont have to master one stage to go the next

• Trust vs mistrust (0-1)
• Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3)
• Initiative vs guilt(3-6)
• Industry vs inferiority (6-12)
• Identity vs role confusion (12-20)(physiological rev)
• Intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
• Generativity vs stagnation (40-65)
• Integrity vs despair 65+

Question 15

Kohlberg stages of moral devt

Answer 15

• Preconventional morality(Preadolescents)
  
  • Self interest- instrumental relativist- reciprocity i,e scratch my back I scratch yours
  • Obedience-avoid punishment
• Conventional morality( early adolescents)-accepting social rules
  
  • Law and order
  • Conformity
• Post conventional
  
  • Social contract- moral rules are for greattr good
  • Universal human rights
• Summary- 1. Reasoning based on rewards and punishments
• 2.Reasoning based on relationship of the individual with society
• 3.Reasoning based on abstract principles

Question 16

Vygotsky’s cultural and biosocial devt

Answer 16

• engine driving theory of cognitive devt that children internalise culture and societal rules whch helps with they way they think.
• Children need guardians to instruct them to competency on the skills that are within zone of proximal development (are on periphery of being mastered)

Question 17

Albert Bandura and observational learning

Answer 17

• Children internalise behaviours from oberserving and imitating others

Question 18

Role taking and ToM

Answer 18

• Role taking- acting to be someone- helps children learn i.e playing mum or dad
• ToM posits that we are able to sense what others are thinking and realise they have a mind that is distinct from ours

Question 19

Theories of personality

Answer 19

• Pyschoanalytic(psychodynamic)
• Humanistic(phenomenological)
• Type and trait
• Behaviourist

Question 20

Describe the ID, ego and superego

Answer 20

• ID- primal, basic, inborn urges. Pleasure principle of instant gratification. Operates on primary process in response to tension. Mental imagery used to satisfy primary process= wish fulfillment.
• EGO- mediate between Id/superego. Reality principle. guides ID by secondary process to postpone pleasure. Also controls superego’s desires
• Superego- perfectionist, reflect on morals. has conscience-improper actions ego-ideal proper actions

Question 21

what is looking glass self and self concept

Answer 21

our reactions to how others perceive us i.e others reflecting “us” to ourselves.

the way we see ourselves can vary depending on the reference group i.e. for a group of doctors, when queried if they think theyre rich, only 11% say yes because the reference group is full of high earners

Question 22

What are the three categories of thoughts according to Freud

Answer 22

• Conscious- we have those thoughts now
• Preconscious- we arent aware of them currently
• Unconscious- repressed thoughts

Question 23

What are the ego defense mechanisms

Answer 23

• Repression- uncosciously forgetting bad stuff
• Suppression- consciously forgetting
• Regression- going back to an early devt stage
• Reaction formation- having an opposite feeling towards something
• Projection- attribute your thoughts/acts on someone else( Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test- stories of pics made up by pt)
• Rationalization- providing explanations to y its ok
• Displacement- delivering your anger/disappointment on a weak target
• Sublimation- do something good instead, for bad thoughts

Question 24

What did Carl Jung attribute libido to?

Answer 24

psychic energy

ego= conscious mind

unconscious divided into personal and collective unconscious( residue of our ancestors)

Question 25

Carl Jung’s archetypes (PAAS)

Answer 25

• Persona-aspect of presented to the world
• Anima- feminine in you
• Animus- the masculine in you
• Shadow- the bad thoughts/actions in our conscious

Question 26

The self is described as a what by Carl Jung

Answer 26

mandala(circle)

carl jung led to MBTI personality traits using his 3 dichotomies

Question 27

What did Alfred Adler posit

Answer 27

• Advanced the inferiority complex that pple sense incompetence, imperfect and inferior and strive to be against these which enhances their personality if they end up benefitting society.
• Style of life is way of a person achieving superiority- family environment is vital is molding style of life
• Fictional finalism- motivated by the expectations of the future(subjective data) than past experiences(objective data)

Question 28

Adler vs Jung vs Freud

Answer 28

• Freud- behaviour is motivated by inborn instincts; Jung it is guided by inborn archetypes and Adler- motivated by striving for superiority

Question 29

Object relations theory

Answer 29

object= parent or caregiver. hence how an infant sees the relationship with the “object” and how it carries over into adulthood

Question 30

What are principles of Humanistic perspective

Answer 30

• value person-centered approch as healthy people strive towards self actualization.
• Gestalt therapy- holistic view of the self
• Forcefield theory- the sum of all influences currently within a person and which are either assisting or blocking the individual’s path to success (Kurt lewin)
• Maslow- peak experiences for self-actualised people
• Personal construct psychology- (personal construct= our guesses/ hypotheses) pple are scientists are busy trying to predict what others will do- anxious people cant construct anything(George kelly)
• Carl Rogers- client-centered/ nondirective psychotherapy- pple can choose their destinies and need help to get there. Unconditional positive regard- accepting the pt wholly

Question 31

Type and trait perspectives

Answer 31

• Sheldon’s somatotypes- your body type meant your personality
• Type A**- competitive/compulsive **Type B- laid back
• Types based on four humors(Greeks)
• PEN model (hans and Eysenck)- psychotism- measure of nonconformity/deviance, extraversion-tolerance, neuroticism-measure of emotional arousal
• 5 factor model OCEAN( openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
• Gordon Allport 3 basic traits
  
  • Central-major xtics
  • Cardinal-special xtics eg philanthropy, altruism
  • Secondary-limited in occurrence
  • functional autonomy- behavior persists even after the drive that led to behavior is satisfied ie hunt for food, get food but cont hunting for fun.
• David McClelland- Need for achievement trait (N-ach) pple are concerned with achieving and get pride from it. Avoid high risk(dont want to fail) and low risk( doesnt provide excitement)

Question 32

The behaviorist approach

Answer 32

• BF skinner- personality is due to reinforced behaviours. Operant conditioning can change behaviours. use Token economies to reinforce + behaviour

Question 33

Social cognitive perspective and biological perspective

Answer 33

• Albert Bandura. Focus on how the environment we are in shape our behaviour and how we interact with it.
• Reciprocal determinism- a person’s behaviour influences and is influenced by the social environment and personal factors
• Biologocal perspective-Personality is a product of genetic traits
  
  • nature vs nurture (dispositional vs situational)