Motivation, Emotion and Stress Flashcards
Name and describe 2 drives that motivate individuals
- Extrinsic (drives) motivation- come from outside the person e.g. money, praise high score in MCAT, avoid getting fired, avoid punishment
- Intrinsic motivation- done for the liking of the thing i.e. student has inerest in medicine
Name four theories that explain the basis of motivation
- Instinct theory
- Arousal theory
- Drive reduction theory
- Need-based theory
Describe the instinct theory
innate fixed patterns of behaviour( coded by evolution) determine our motivation eg wolves instinctively follow the alpha male, babies suck their thumbs (primitive reflexes)
William james
Describe the arousal theory of motivation
individuals perform actions to maintain an optimum level of arousal. i.e when arousal is low, they seek to increase and when high they seek to decrease it.
What does Yerkes-Dodson law posit?
- U shaped function with performance on the y axis and arousal on x axis.
- performance is worst at low and high arousal and highest at middle
- Low level arousals are consistent with high cognitive tasks i.e. focus with a stable mind
- High arousals are good for high physically demanding activities
- Rem too much arousal=too much anxiety
Describe the drive reduction theory
- States motivation is due to desire to eliminate internal discomfort
- drives= internal states of tension that must be released
- primary drives= result to sustain necessary biological process (homeostatic fxn)- negative feed back loops. ghrelin (hunger), leptin(satiety)
- secondary drives=fulfill nonbiologocal,emotional or learned desires eg desire to maatriculate to med school
What do Need based theories state?
- We are motivated to fulfill a desire due to the type of need.
- Maslow’s hierachy of needs
- Self actualization
- Esteem
- Love and belonging
- Safety and security needs
- Physiological needs
- Self-determination theory-3 universal needs
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Relatedness-2 feel accepted and wanted
Distinguish btwn incentive and expectancy-value theory
- Incentive theory-behaviour is motivated by desire to get rewarded and avoid punishment
- Expectancy-value theory-motivation from the expectation of success and the degree of value placed on achieving the goal.
Explain the opponent-process theory
- Theory explaining the negative effects of motivation
- Drugs are taken for the pleasure associated with the effects and also to remove bad sensations rltd to withdrawal (creates tolerance)
- Drugs when taken, induce the body to counteract by changing its physiology i.e take etoh instead of feeling depressed, u get aroused.
What are the elements of emotion?
- Physiological response( what the body does)
- Behavioural response (what you do)
- Cognitive response(what you think)
What are the 7 universal emotions and on what are they based on?
- Suggested by Paul Elkman and rooted on the theory of evolution
- Happiness
- Fear
- Sadness
- Anger
- Contempt
- Disgust
- Surprise
James-lange theory posits that
- Stimulus-physiological arousal-secondary response labeling the emotion
- Use peripheral sympathetic stimulation
- Proven untrue since individuals with SCI are able to have emotions
What does the Cannon-bard theory state
- stimulus- simultaneous physiological response and emotional feeling
- fails to explain the vagus nerve
Describe the Schacter- Singer theory
- Stimulus evokes a simultaneous physiological response and cognitive appraisal of the stimuli before the emotion is perceived
- The environment plays a key role in cognitive appraisal rem the expt with some pple pretended to be either happy or sad depending on the cues they received from others
What is cognitive appraisal ?
subjective evaluation of the situation and judging if its positive or negative
Define primary appraisal
Initial evaluation and labeling it as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful
What is secondary appraisal?
If initial eval deemed something stressful, then evaluation follows to determine if coping is possible
- those than deem the stress manageable have less stress
- continued reappraisal may occur in the course of thr stress
Differentiate between eustress and distress?
- Distress occurs when things are bad/ negative
- Eustress is a positive i.e. graduating, getting a high score
How is stress level measured?
in life change units - social readjustment rating scale
Describe the types of conflict stresses
- Approach-approach conflict- difficulty in making decision between 2 good options
- Avoidance-avoidance conflict- choosing between 2 equally bad options
- Approach-avoidance- only one choice/option whose results are either negative/positive
Physiologocal response to stress involves what system?
- The sympathetic nervous system
- i.e increased HR and slow digestion
Describe the general adaption syndrome as proposed by Han Selye
- ARE
- Alarm- sympathetic- cortisol keeps BS high; adrenal medulla =epi and norepi keeps sympathetic up- resistance dips b4 increasing
- Resistance-more hormones cause sympathetic system hyperactive- high resistance
- Exhaustion- body gets tired, resistance dips- susceptible to disease
Describe coping mechanisms
- Problem-focused- facing the stressor head on, eg reaching out to family, social support and following a plan
- Emotionally-focused strategies involve changing the mind on how you view the stressor- taking responsibility, ignoring it
- Maladaptive mechanisms- drinking, suicide
- Stress-mgt- eg exercise, relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation
Describe the functions of prefrontal cortex, ventral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- Prefrontal cortex-planning and expressing personality, decision making
- Ventral-experiencing emotion
- Ventromedial-controlling emotional responses from the amygdala
