Psych brain Flashcards
Glia function
- Support
- Supply neurons with nutrients and O2
- Insulte neurons from each other
- Protect neurons from pathogens and clean out dead ones
- Modulate/regulate neural activity
How many glia?
100 billion
Glia in CNS
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Glia in PNS
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
Astrocytes (CNS) and Satellite Cells (PNS)
Structural support
Brain blood barrier
Provides nutrients
Reuptake of neurotransmitters
Regulation of ion concentration
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)
Myelin
O: One cell wraps multiple axons
S: Single schwann cell wraps one section of a single axon
Ependymal cells (CNS)
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Microglia (CNS)
Macrophages (immune cell) that clean up dead cells and debris
Body centric: Dorsal
Back
Body centric: Ventral
Belly
Body centric: Rostral
Up
Body centric: Caudal
Down
Brain: Dorsal
UP
Brain: Ventral
Down
Brain: rostral
Front
Brain: Caudal
Back of head
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Ipsilateral
Same side
Contralateral
Opposite sides
Unilateral
One side
Bilateral
Both sides
Plane
Horizontal, axial, transverse
Plane
Sagittal
Plane
Frontal, coronal
2 divisons of PNS
Somatic
Autonomic
2 divisions of Somatic
Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Function of somatic division
Voluntary control of action
Somatosensory
Motor
Location of cell body for somatosensory neurons
In PNS –> forms dorsal root ganglion
Location of cell body for motor neurons
In CNS
Axons in PNS
Lateral
Out to the side
Proximal
Close to core
Distal
Away from core
Autonomic Nervous system function
Controls internal involuntary function
- glands, heart, gut
2 divisions of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Autonomic motor neurons function and location of cell body
In ganglion
Send signals from brain to smooth muscle cell, gland cell, cardiac muscle
What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic share and what do they not share
Share sensory receptors
Have their own Motor neurons
Cell body location for sensory receptor cells in autonomic
in dorsal root ganglion
General visceral afferent fibres
Sensory cells in ANS
How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic system operate to achieve homeostasis
antagonistically
Sympathetic functions
“Fight or flight”
Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increases heart rate
Inhibits digestion
Dilated pupils for far vision
Parasympathetic functions
“Rest and digest”,
Increases blood flow to gut
Facilitates digestion
Constricts pupils for near vision
What structures protect the brain
Meninges
CSF
Ventrciles
3 layers of the meninges
Dura mater: thick tough membrane outer
Arachnoid mater: webbing area under membrane
Thin fibrous membrane with trabeculae extending through the subarachnoid space to the pia mater
Pia mater: Delicate membrane that follows the cortical surface
Subarachnoid space function
Filled with CSF
Blood vessels are here
Ventricle types, location, purspose
Deep inside brain and connected
CSF goes through them
4 ventricles:
Left and Right lateral ventricles are the biggest ones
Third ventricle is the center part
4th ventricle is in brain stem
Central canal
runs into the spinal cord from the 4th ventricle
Choroid plexus
in ventricles, makes CSF
Function of CSF
Buoyancy and protection
keeping ions balanced
Clearing of waste
4 areas of the spinal cord and where does it start
Cervical (head, neck, arms)
Thoracic (upper trunk)
Lumbar (lower torso and legs)
Sacral (lower torso and legs)
base of brain stem
features of spinal cord section
dorsal/ventral organization
On each side of each vertebrae, there are 2 nerves going into the spinal cord\d
location of cell bodies and axons in spinal cord
Axons (white matter) are around the perimeter and cell bodies (grey matter) are in the center
where does sensory info come in the spinal cord through
dorsal root –> ascending
Where does motor signals leave the spinal cord through
ventral root (descending)
5 major developmental areas of the brain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
3 initial areas of the brain
Forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain
Location of developmental areas within original areas
Fore brain: Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Midbrain: Mesencephalon
Hindbrain: Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Stuctures in telencephalon
Cerebral Cortex
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia
Structures in Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Structures in mesencephalon
Midbrain: Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Motor nuclei
Structures in Metencephalon
Pons, cerebellum
Structures in myelencephalon
medulla
3 parts of brain stem
Medulla, pons, midbrain (superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, motor nuclei)
Function of brain stem
core body functions
Medulla function
Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
Pons function
Balance, taste, swallowing
Inferior colliculi
Hearing
Superior colliculi
Vision and eye movements
Substantia nigra location and function
in midbrain, dopamine, reward learning, addiction
Subcortical structures
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Hypothalamus location of function
To the front and under thalamus
Homeostasis: hormones, body temp, hunger thirst, sleep
Thalamus location and function
on top of brain stem
Sensory motor relay center
Info passes through here
Lateral geniculate nucleus location and function
visual relay in thalamus
Medial geniculate nucleus location and function
auditory relay in thalamus
Cerebellum function
Coordinated movements, posture, equilibrium, motor control
Basal ganglia function
motor control/voluntary movement
Striatum
Name for putamen and caudate in basal ganglia
Function of putamen and location
surrounding of inside circle of basal ganglia
motor skills and reinforcement learning
Function of caudate and location
Thin tail part of basal ganglia
voluntary movement and goal directed action
Globus pallidus:
inside circle of basal ganglia
voluntary movement
Nucleus accumbens
aversion, motivation reward, pleasure
little circle at bottom
Amygdala function and location
Emotional processing including fear, episodic long-term memories
looks different depending on view
In front and on top of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Episodic long-term memory spatial navigation
Using memories to determine where you are in the world
Lobes of cortex
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
What are Sulci and fissures and what are their differences
Folds and cleft in cortex
Sulci –> smaller
Fissures –> deeper
What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate
Central sulcus at the top –> separates frontal from parietal
Longitudinal fissure in the middle –> separates the hemispheres
What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate
Front one: cingulate sulcus –> serrated cingulate region from surface parts of the cortex
Back: calcarine sulcus –> in occipital lobe
What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate
Central sulcus
Lateral (Sylvian) fissure –> separates frontal from temporal
What are gyri
ridges in the cortex
What are the arrows pointing to and what does that part separate
Cingulate gyrus: part under cingulate sulcus –> in executive control
Cuneus: primary visual cortex here
What are the arrows pointing to and what is it
Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus separates by central sulcus
Precentral: motor cortex
Post central: sensory cortex
What are commissures and what are they composed of
Commissures → fiber tract connections between hemispheres
white matter axons
Parts of commissures
Corpus callosum: biggest one
Fornix: lower part
Anterior commissure: used as a reference point (small part)
What is the cortical surface made out of?
and what is the inner area made out of?
Grey matter on outer –> cell bodies
White on inner –> axons
Cytoarchitecture: meaning
Structure of cortical surface
Thickness of grey matter
2-3mm
Number of layers in the grey matter
6
Function of layer 4
primary receiving
Thicker in sensory cortex
function of layers 2,3,5,6
sending layers
Thicker in motor cortex
How are Brodmanns Areas classified and how many are there
And how are they different
52 areas
Classified regions based on cytoarchitecture (thickness of cell layers
functional differences
Circle of willis function and what it would be if there was a blockage
provides redundancy
If the supply was blocked at one side → the brain can still be supplied with blood
What is connectomics
Techniques to study how the brain is wired together
Connectome definition
The wiring of the brain
Diffusion Tensor/spectrum imaging function
Uses MRI to measure the strength and direction of diffusion of water molecules in the brain
In neurons, diffusion of tends to occur along the lengths of axons/dendrites
Tractography function
Uses DTI/DTS data to trace out tracts of the brain areas by where the water diffuses
Tractography
Traces neural pathways
Network graph
Shows what is connected to what
Connectivity
How many areas are connected to that area
