pain

Question 1

Nervous system parts responsible for pain

Answer 1

afferent pW
interpretive centers of cns
efferent pw

Question 2

nociception

Answer 2

pain

Question 3

phases

Answer 3

1. transduction
2. transmission
3. perception
4. modulation

Question 4

types of nociceptors

Answer 4

myelinated a fibers
-sharp, fast pain , localized
unmyelinated c fibers
-slow , dull, aching , burning
not well localized

Question 5

somatosensory cortex

Answer 5

localization and intensity of pain

Question 6

reticular, limbic, brainstem

Answer 6

emotional and affective response to pain

Question 7

cortex

Answer 7

meaning of pain

Question 8

pain threshold

Answer 8

lowest pain intensity recognized

Question 9

tolerance

Answer 9

greatest intensity endured

Question 10

neuromodulators of pain

stimulation :

Answer 10

stimulate pain nociceptors
prostaglandins
bradykinins
lymphokines
substance p \
glutamate

Question 11

neuromodulators of pain

suppress

Answer 11

gaba
endogenous opioids
endocannabinoids

Question 12

neuromodulators of pain
excite peripheral
inhibit CNS

Answer 12

serotonin
norepinephrine

Question 13

CNS endogenous opioids

Answer 13

inhibit pain transmission
enkephalins
endorphins
dynorphins
endorphins

Question 14

depending neural pathways

Answer 14

inhibit pain
medulla

Question 15

segmental pain inhibition

Answer 15

when pain signals from both pain and touc/sensation fibres arrive at same segment
rub a sore spot

Question 16

diffuse noxious inhibitory control

Answer 16

when 2 diff sites transmit pain and inhibitory signals via spinal-medullary-spinal - pathway

Question 17

classifications of pain

Answer 17

-nociceptive
non-nociceptive
acute
persistent

Question 18

acute pain

Answer 18

somatic/superficial
visceral/internal
referred ( area supplied by same spinal segments)

Question 19

persistent pain

Answer 19

beyond normal healing time
intermittent or persistant

responses:
psych , behave, physiological
depression, sleep probs,preoccup , lifestyle changes, physiological adaptations

Question 20

neuropathic pain

Answer 20

increased sensitivity to painful stem, d/t processing problems in PNS/CNS

Answer 21

1. Pain (nociception) is a complex, unpleasant sensory experience that involves dynamic interactions between physical, cognitive, spiritual, emotional, and environmental factors. Pain is protective.

Answer 22

2. Three portions of the nervous system are responsible for sensation, perception, and response to
   pain: (a) the afferent pathways, (b) the interpretive centres of the central nervous system, and (c)
   the efferent pathways.

Answer 23

3. Nociception involves four phases: transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.

Answer 24

4. There are two primary types of nociceptors: Aδ fibres and C fibres. Myelinated Aδ fibres transmit
   sharp, well-localized “fast” pain. Smaller, unmyelinated C fibres more slowly transmit dull,
   aching, or burning sensations that are less localized.

Answer 25

5. The somatosensory cortex mediates localization and intensity of pain. The reticular formation,
   limbic system, and brainstem control emotional and affective responses to pain. The cortex
   coordinates the meaning an experience of pain.

Answer 26

6. Pain threshold is the lowest intensity of pain that a person can recognize. Pain tolerance is the
   greatest intensity of pain that an individual can endure. Both are subjective and influenced by
   many factors.

Answer 27

7. Neuromodulators of pain include substances that (a) stimulate pain nociceptors (e.g.,
   prostaglandins, bradykinins, lymphokines, substance P, glutamate) and (b) suppress pain (e.g., GABA, endogenous opioids, endocannabinoids). Some substances excite peripheral nerves but inhibit central nerves (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine).

Answer 28

16. Neuropathic pain is increased sensitivity to painful stimuli and results from abnormal processing of pain information in the peripheral or central nervous system.

Answer 29

8. Endogenous opioids inhibit pain transmission and include enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, and endomorphins. They are produced in the central nervous system.

Answer 30

9. Descending inhibitory and facilitatory pathways and nuclei inhibit or facilitate pain. Efferent pathways from the ventromedial medulla and periaqueductal grey inhibit pain impulses at the dorsal horn. The rostroventromedial medulla stimulates efferent pathways that facilitate or inhibit pain in the dorsal horn.
   1

Answer 31

15. Psychological, behavioural, and physiological responses to persistent pain include depression, sleep disorders, preoccupation with pain, lifestyle changes, and physiological adaptation.

Answer 32

0. Segmental pain inhibition occurs when impulses from Aβ fibres (touch and vibration sensations) arrive at the same spinal level as impulses from Aδ or C fibres.

Answer 33

11. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control occurs when pain signals from two different sites are transmitted simultaneously and inhibit pain through a spinal-medullary-spinal pathway.

Answer 34

12. Classifications of pain include nociceptive pain (with a known physiological cause), non- nociceptive pain (neuropathic pain), acute pain (signal to the person of a harmful stimulus), and persistent pain (persistence of pain of unknown cause or unusual response to therapy).

Answer 35

13. Acute pain may be (a) somatic (superficial), (b) visceral (internal), or (c) referred (present in an area distant from its origin). The area of referred pain is supplied by the same spinal segment as the actual site of pain.

Answer 36

14. Persistent pain is pain lasting well beyond the expected normal healing time and may be intermittent (e.g., low back pain) or persistent (e.g., migraine headaches).