Lungs Flashcards

Question

dyspnea

Answer 1

subjective difficulty breathing

Answer 2

reflex initiated by stimulating irritant receptors in bronchi

Answer 3

bloody sputum frank blood

Answer 4

hyperpnea inc vent rate large tidal vol no expiration pause

Answer 5

normal breathing

Answer 6

inc vent inc tidal vol inc effort \stridor/wheeze prolong I & E

Answer 7

copd/asthma dec vent rate dec tV inc effort wheeze prolonged Expiration

Answer 8

stiff lung wall /dec compliance dec TV tachypnea

Answer 9

increase in breathing rate

Answer 10

tachypnea small TV decreased compliance

Answer 11

cerebral hypoxia shock reduced blood flow two brainstem irregular breathing - deep and shallow apnea/ deep breaths

Answer 12

insufficient oxygen in brain and peripheral tissue

Answer 13

inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands. minute vol decreased ( TV X RR) too much co2, removal doesn't keep up with production don't notice until severe, confusion, tiredness.

Answer 14

too much PCO2 in arterial blood resp acidosis

Answer 15

alveolar vent exceeding metabolic demands co2 removed too fast resp alkadosis anxiety head injury pain in response to hypoxia hypocapnia

Answer 16

dec PaCO2 resp alkadosis

Answer 17

blue skin and MM desaturated hemoglobin peripheral vasoconstriction , blood not circulating . peripheral- finger nails central -lips/mm only present in serve hypoxemia

Answer 18

selective bulbous enlargement of end of finger chronic dec pulm circ and hypoxia painless cystic fibrosis heart disease permanent megakaryctes plug up fingers

Answer 19

Plura airways and chest wall

Answer 20

pain from pulm dx pleura stretching during inhalation plural rub common with pulm infarction /PE

Answer 21

increased p CO2 hypovent alveoli inc CO2 in arterial blood co2 easy diffuses from blood to alveolar space resp acidocis that may lead to heart arrhythmias high co2 leads to cerebral oedema leads to decreased tissue o2

Answer 22

D/T decreased drive to breath or can't respond to vent stimuli medications depress resp center disease of MEDULLA spinal cord injury dis of neuromuscular junction - MG or MD thoracic cage changes large AW obstruction - tumours /apnea emphysema - increased work of breathing

Answer 23

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood caused by resp changes

Answer 24

reduced oxygen in cells of tissues

Answer 25

prob with oxygenation to alveoli o2 from alveoli to blood V/Q mismatch perfusion of pulmonary caps

Answer 26

amount of 02 in alveoli -need enough o2 in air 21% -minute volume( Tv x RR) , hypo vent dec it compensate by changing rate and depth of breathing

Answer 27

v/q v=amount ofd air that enters alveoli q=amount of blood perfusing capillaries. V/Q probs most common cause of hypoxemia 0.8 most common cause of high VQ is PE

Answer 28

areas with no ventilation are vasoconstrictor. and left to right shunt occurs , decreased o2 in body

Answer 29

ventilated but not perfused.

Answer 30

alveolocapillary membrane dec 02 diff is thick or surface area I decreased. edema/fibrosis destruct of alveoli -emphasyma

Answer 31

not impacted by impaired diff because CO2 diffuses easily av to caps

Answer 32

heart problems shunting blood away from lungs hyper vent increased ph

Answer 33

inadequate gas exchange Pa02 >= 60mm hg PaCO2>= 50 mmhm ph<=7.25

Answer 34

if from hypercapnia usu inadequate alveolar vent need to assist with ventilation

Answer 35

from hypoxemia inadequate O2 xc between alveoli and caps give oxygen sometimes a combo of both

Answer 36

deformations increase work of breathing decreased tidal volume at risk for infection and failure neuromuscular- muscular dystrophy , hypovent hypoxia

Answer 37

fracture of sternum and ribs paradoxial mmt , impairs gas movement in/out of lungs decrease in Tidal vol , inc resp rate to compensate

Answer 38

air or gasin pleural space d/t rupture in visceral pleura ( around lungs ) priatatl pleura or chest wall can't recoil properly and collapses around hilus

Answer 39

spontaneous men 20-40 rupture of blebs on visercal pleura genetic

Answer 40

injury etc

Answer 41

open( air in/out with breathing ) or tension ( more dangerous) air only comes in on inspiration , builds up , compression injury atelectasis and moves heart etc severe hypoemia aspirate it

Answer 42

pleural pain tachypnea dyspnea

Answer 43

fluid in pleural space from blood vessels or lymph or abscess transdudative- watery exudative ( WBC , plasma proteins ) pus blood chyle ( milk lymph & fat ) similar s& S to pneumothorax plural friction rub

Answer 44

infected pleural effusion pus pulm lymphatics get blocked from pneuma , surgery ,tumour staph a , e-coli , pleb pneumo fever, cyanosis , tachycardia, cough and pleural pain

Answer 45

aspiration atelectasis bronchiectasis bronchiolitis pulmonary fibrosis inhalation disorders pulmonary edema acute lung injury/ARDS asthma copd chronic bronchitis emphysema

Answer 46

dec compliance of lung tissues more work in inspiration more work to breath dyspnea inc rate dec TV dec in FVC V/Q mismatch impact alveolocap membrane- decrease diffusion of 02 from alv to blood hypoxemia

Answer 47

fluid/solids into lung poor cough /swallow reflex Right lung more susceptible d/t gravity and straightness of bronchus cause airway collapse pneumonia hemmmorage in lung hypo vent may lead hypotension

Answer 48

S& S chocking/cough fever dyspnea wheezing no symptoms just get recurrent infections, cough etc treat with o2 vent corticosteroids fluid restriction to dec edema

Answer 49

collapse of lung tissue 3 types : compression absorption surfactant impairment often with surgery

Answer 50

external pressure - fluid , tumour air in pleural; space , abd distension

Answer 51

remove air from obstructed alveoli or inhaled o2 or anaesthetic agents

Answer 52

decreased prod of surfactant (prevents lung collapse during EXPIRATION)

Answer 53

dilation of bronchi caused by lots primary see chronic productive cough LRTI, tons of gross sputum cough blood , clubbing cor pulmonaire

Answer 54

diffuse , inflammatory obstruct or small airways or bronchioles. kids adults - viral lung transplantation . leads to BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS - fibrosis, scarring

Answer 55

excessive fibrotic or connective tissue scar tissue from infection autoimmune coal dust /asbestos LOSS OF LUNG COMPLIANCE hypoxemia o2 can't diffuse across A/V membrane leads to dec TV and hypocapnia

Answer 56

no known cause chronic inflam old people , men S&S dyspnea, inspir crackles

Answer 57

toxic gas damage epithelium -mucus edema , Hillary damage etc ARDS/pneumo oxygen given steroids etc

Answer 58

dust fibrosis slice, asbestos, coal no treatment

Answer 59

allergic /inflam organic particles or fumes lymphocytes/inflam cells into lung tissues acute , subacute chronic - fibrosis

Answer 60

excess fluid in lungs lung normally dry heart disease toxic gases ARDS LEFT Sided Heart failure dyspnea, hypoxemia, work diuretics, vasodilators oxygen

Answer 61

balance of capillary hydrostatic pressure capillary oncostic pressure cap permeability surfactant repels water on alveoli

Answer 62

spectrum of inflammation and diffuse alveocapillary injury -inflitrates bilat on xray -low ratio of PaO2 vs inhaled O2 -no edema cause tons die , 50% die from acute injury to A/C membrane. covid

Answer 63

The clinical manifestations of ARDS are progressive, as follows:1. Dyspnea and hypoxemia with poor response to O2 supplementation 2. Hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis 3. Decreased tissue perfusion, metabolic acidosis, and organ dysfunction 4. Increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume, and hypoventilation 5. Hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, and worsening hypoxemia 6. Respiratory failure, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, and death

Answer 64

dx of exclusion

Answer 65

-chronic inflammatory disorder -bronchial hyper-responsiveness -constriction of airways -variable airflow obstruction -reversible. most common cd in kids

Answer 66

epithelial exposure antigens - irate and adaptive immune responses inflame of bronchial mucous & hyper responsiveness of airways. dendritic cells IGE vasodilation cap perm mucosal edema bronchial smooth muscle contraction mucus from goblet. cells narrowing and obstruct of airways eosinophils cause injury and hyper bronchial response chronic leads to fibrosis-irreversible.

Answer 67

impaired EXPIRATION air trapping decreased perfusion of alveoli hyperventilation hypoxemia no Co2 retention resp ALKALOSIS

Answer 68

acute severe bronchospasm

Answer 69

common preventable -persistent airflow limitation assoc inflam response airways and the lung from toxins

Answer 70

most common lung disease

Answer 71

hypersectretion of mucous & chronic productive cough of at least 3 months of the year. for at least 2 consecutive years. usually in large bronchi FEV/FCV ratio <0.7

Answer 72

abnormal permanet enlargement of gas-exchange airways ( acini) with destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis. destruction of alveoli - larger spaces- no gas exchange , V/P mismatch , lypoxemia primary cause of airflow limit is loss of elastic recoil. can't EXPIRE. AIR Trapping Farrell chest

Answer 73

1-3% genetic antitrypsin enzyme deficiency

Answer 74

smoking pollution

Answer 75

acute bronchitis Pneumonia Tuberculosis Access

Answer 76

Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Cor Pulmonale

Answer 77

Laryngeal cancer Lung cancer

Answer 78

Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations1. Dyspnea is the feeling of breathlessness and increased respiratory effort.2. Coughing is a protective reflex that expels secretions and irritants from the lower airways.3. Changes in the sputum volume, consistency, or colour may indicate underlying pulmonarydisease.4. Hemoptysis is expectoration of bloody mucus.5. Abnormal breathing patterns are adjustments made by the body to minimize the work ofrespiratory muscles. They include Kussmaul, obstructed, restricted, gasping, and Cheyne-Stokesrespirations as well as sighing.6. Hypoventilation is decreased alveolar ventilation caused by airway obstruction, chest wallrestriction, or altered neurological control of breathing and results in increased partial pressure ofcarbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2), or hypercapnia.7. Hyperventilation is increased alveolar ventilation produced by anxiety, head injury, or severehypoxemia and causes decreased PaCO2 (hypocapnia).8. Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by desaturation of hemoglobin, polycythemia,or peripheral vasoconstriction.9. Clubbing of the fingertips is associated with diseases that interfere with oxygenation of the tissues.10. Chest pain can result from inflamed pleurae, trachea, bronchi, ribs, or respiratory muscles.11. Hypoxemia is a reduced PaO2 caused by (a) decreased O2 content of inspired gas, (b)hypoventilation, (c) O2 diffusion abnormality, (d) ventilation–perfusion mismatch, or (e) shunting.

Answer 79

. Chest wall compliance is diminished by obesity and kyphoscoliosis (which compress the lungs),and by neuromuscular diseases that impair chest wall muscle function.2. Flail chest results from rib or sternal fractures that disrupt the mechanics of breathing.3. Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural space. It can be caused by spontaneousrupture of weakened areas of the pleura or can be secondary to pleural damage caused by disease,trauma, or mechanical ventilation.4. Tension pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition caused by trapping of air in the pleuralspace, producing displacement of the great vessels and heart.5. Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space resulting from disorders thatpromote transudation or exudation from capillaries underlying the pleura or from blockage orinjury to lymphatic vessels that drain into the pleural space.6. Empyema is the presence of pus in the pleural space (infected pleural effusion); it usually occursbecause of lymphatic drainage from sites of bacterial pneumonia.

Answer 80

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus. PEmost commonly results from embolization of a clot from deep venous thrombosis involving the lower leg(see Chapter 24). Other less common emboli include tissue fragments, lipids (fats), a foreign body, an airbubble, or amniotic fluid. Risk factors for PE include conditions and disorders that promote bloodclotting as a result of venous stasis (immobilization, heart failure), hypercoagulability (inheritedcoagulation disorders, malignancy, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives), and injuries tothe endothelial cells that line the vessels (trauma, infection, caustic intravenous infusions). Genetic risksinclude factor V Leiden, antithrombin II, protein S, protein C, and prothrombin gene mutations. Nomatter its source, a blood clot becomes an embolus when all or part of it detaches from the site offormation and begins to travel in the bloodstream.

Answer 81

Cor pulmonale is defined as right ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy, dilation, or both) caused byPAH (see Figure 27-17).97PathophysiologyCor pulmonale develops as PAH exerts chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle. Pressureoverload increases the work of the right ventricle and causes hypertrophy of the normally thin-walledheart muscle. This pressure overload eventually progresses to dilation and failure of the ventricle.Clinical manifestationsThe clinical manifestations of cor pulmonale may be obscured by underlying respiratory or cardiacdisease and appear only during exercise testing. The heart may appear normal at rest, but with exercise,cardiac output falls. The electrocardiogram may show right ventricular hypertrophy. The pulmonarycomponent of the second heart sound, which represents closure of the pulmonic valve, may beaccentuated, and a pulmonic valve murmur also may be present. Tricuspid valve murmur mayaccompany the development of right ventricular failure. Increased pressures in the systemic venouscirculation cause jugular venous distension, hepatosplenomegaly, and peripher

Answer 82

Lung CancerThe term lung cancer refers to tumours that arise from the epithelium of the respiratory tract(bronchogenic carcinomas). Other pulmonary tumours, such as mesotheliomas (associated with asbestosexposure), occur less commonly (Table 27-3).TABLE 27-3