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Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning in which a natural response (usually involuntary) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward
Voluntary responses

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3
Q

Reinforcement

A

Target behavior (response) is followed by desired reward (positive reinforcement) or removal of aversive stimulus (negative reinforcement)

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4
Q

Extinction

A

Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior

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5
Q

Transference

A

Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician

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6
Q

Countertransference

A

Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient

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7
Q

Acting out

A

Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions

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8
Q

Displacement

A

Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs projection)

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9
Q

Dissociation

A

Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress

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10
Q

Fixation

A

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs regression)

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11
Q

Idealization

A

Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts

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12
Q

Projection

A

Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs displacement)

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13
Q

Reaction formation

A

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs sublimation)

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14
Q

Mature defenses

A

Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, Humor

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15
Q

Sublimation

A

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system

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16
Q

Altruism

A

Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity

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17
Q

Suppression

A

Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs repression); temporary

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18
Q

Rett syndrome

A

X-linked; only seen in girls (boys die in utero)
De novo mutation of MECP2
Regression; loss of development, loss
of verbal abilities, intellectual disability, ataxia, stereotyped hand-wringing

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19
Q

Conduct disorder

A

Repetitive and pervasive behavior violating the basic rights of others or societal norms
After age 18, reclassifed as antisocial personality disorder

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20
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A

Enduring pattern of hostile, defant behavior toward authority fgures in the absence of serious violations of social norms

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21
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

Characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor
and vocal tics that persist for > 1 year

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22
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

Onset before age 10

Severe and recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to situation

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23
Q

Order of loss of orientation

A

Order of loss: time → place → person

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24
Q

Korsakof syndrome

A

Amnesia (anterograde > retrograde) caused by vitamin B1 defciency and associated destruction
of mammillary bodies
Confabulations are characteristic

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25
Delirium
“Waxing and waning” level of consciousness with acute onset | Usually 2° to other illness
26
Psychosis
Distorted perception of reality characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized thought/speech
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Delusions
Unique, false, fxed, idiosyncratic beliefs that persist despite the facts and are not typical of a patient’s culture or religion
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Hallucinations
Perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
29
Schizophrenia
Chronic mental disorder with periods of psychosis, disturbed behavior and thought, and decline in functioning lasting > 6 months ↑ dopaminergic activity, ↓ dendritic branching
30
Diagnosis of schizophrenia
``` Requires at least 2 of the following, and at least 1 of these should include 1–3: (frst 4 are “positive symptoms”): 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations—often auditory 3. Disorganized speech 4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms ```
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Brief psychotic disorder
Schizophrenia like sx lasting < 1 month | Usually stress related
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Schizophreniform disorder
Schizophrenia like sx lasting 1–6 months
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Schizoafective disorder
Meets criteria for schizophrenia in addition to major mood disorder Differentiate from a major mood disorder with psychotic features: patient must have > 2 weeks of hallucinations or delusions without major mood episode
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Delusional disorder
Fixed, persistent, false belief system lasting > 1 month
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Mood disorder
Abnormal range of moods or internal emotional states and loss of control over them
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Manic episode
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently ↑ activity or energy lasting at least 1 week
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Hypomanic episode
Like a manic episode except mood disturbance is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social and/or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization Lasts at least 4 consecutive days.
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Bipolar disorder (manic depression)
Bipolar I: presence of at least 1 manic episode +/− a hypomanic or depressive episode Bipolar II: presence of a hypomanic and a depressive episode
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Cyclothymic disorder
Milder form of bipolar disorder lasting at least 2 years, fluctuating between mild depressive and hypomanic symptoms
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Major depressive disorder
Episodes characterized by at least 5 of the 9 diagnostic sx (SIG E CAPS) lasting ≥ 2 weeks
41
Maternal (postpartum) “blues”
50–85% incidence rate. | Starting 2–3 days after delivery; usually resolves within 10 days
42
Postpartum depression
≥ 2 weeks
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Postpartum psychosis
mood-congruent delusions, hallucinations, and thoughts of harming the baby or self
44
Cluster A personality disorders
Odd or eccentric; inability to develop meaningful social relationships
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Paranoid (type of cluster A personality disorder)
Pervasive distrust (Accusatory) and suspiciousness of others and a profoundly cynical view of the world
46
Schizoid (type of cluster A personality disorder)
Voluntary social withdrawal (Aloof), limited emotional expression, content with social isolation (vs avoidant)
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Schizotypal (type of cluster A personality disorder)
Eccentric appearance, odd beliefs or magical thinking, interpersonal Awkwardness
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Cluster B personality disorders
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic; genetic association with mood disorders and substance abuse
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Antisocial (type of cluster B personality disorder)
Disregard for and violation of rights of others with lack of remorse, criminality, impulsivity; males > females; must be ≥ 18 years old and have history of conduct disorder before age 15. Conduct disorder if < 18 years old
50
Borderline (type of cluster B personality disorder)
Unstable mood and interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, self-mutilation, suicidality, sense of emptiness; females > males; splitting is a major defense mechanism
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Histrionic (type of cluster B personality disorder)
Excessive emotionality and excitability, attention seeking, sexually provocative, overly concerned with appearance
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Narcissistic (type of cluster B personality disorder)
Grandiosity, sense of entitlement; lacks empathy | and requires excessive admiration; often demands the “best” and reacts to criticism with rage
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Cluster C personality disorders
Anxious or fearful; genetic association with anxiety disorders
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Avoidant (type of cluster C personality disorder)
Hypersensitive to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy, desires relationships with others (vs schizoid)
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Obsessive-Compulsive (type of cluster C personality disorder)
Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control; ego-syntonic: behavior consistent with one’s own beliefs and attitudes (vs OCD)
56
Dependent (type of cluster C personality disorder)
Submissive and Clingy, excessive need to be taken care of, low self-confdence
57
Factitious disorders
Consciously creates physical and/or psychological symptoms in order to assume “sick role” and to get medical attention and sympathy (1° [internal] gain) Munchausen or Munchausen by proxy
58
Narcolepsy
Disordered regulation of sleep-wake cycles; 1° characteristic is excessive daytime sleepiness
59
Cause of narcolepsy
↓ hypocretin (orexin) production in lateral hypothalamus
60
Narcolepsy sx
-Hypnagogic (just before sleep) or hypnopompic (just before awakening) hallucinations. -Nocturnal and narcoleptic sleep episodes that start with REM sleep (sleep paralysis). -Cataplexy (loss of all muscle tone following strong emotional stimulus, such as
61
Most common cause of drug overdose death
Opioids

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