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FA note cards > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning in which a natural response (usually involuntary) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward
Voluntary responses

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3
Q

Reinforcement

A

Target behavior (response) is followed by desired reward (positive reinforcement) or removal of aversive stimulus (negative reinforcement)

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4
Q

Extinction

A

Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior

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5
Q

Transference

A

Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician

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6
Q

Countertransference

A

Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient

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7
Q

Acting out

A

Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions

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8
Q

Displacement

A

Redirection of emotions or impulses to a neutral person or object (vs projection)

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9
Q

Dissociation

A

Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress

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10
Q

Fixation

A

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs regression)

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11
Q

Idealization

A

Expressing extremely positive thoughts of self and others while ignoring negative thoughts

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12
Q

Projection

A

Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs displacement)

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13
Q

Reaction formation

A

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs sublimation)

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14
Q

Mature defenses

A

Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, Humor

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15
Q

Sublimation

A

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system

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16
Q

Altruism

A

Alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited generosity

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17
Q

Suppression

A

Intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs repression); temporary

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18
Q

Rett syndrome

A

X-linked; only seen in girls (boys die in utero)
De novo mutation of MECP2
Regression; loss of development, loss
of verbal abilities, intellectual disability, ataxia, stereotyped hand-wringing

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19
Q

Conduct disorder

A

Repetitive and pervasive behavior violating the basic rights of others or societal norms
After age 18, reclassifed as antisocial personality disorder

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20
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A

Enduring pattern of hostile, defant behavior toward authority fgures in the absence of serious violations of social norms

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21
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

Characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor
and vocal tics that persist for > 1 year

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22
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

Onset before age 10

Severe and recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to situation

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23
Q

Order of loss of orientation

A

Order of loss: time → place → person

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24
Q

Korsakof syndrome

A

Amnesia (anterograde > retrograde) caused by vitamin B1 defciency and associated destruction
of mammillary bodies
Confabulations are characteristic

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25
Q

Delirium

A

“Waxing and waning” level of consciousness with acute onset

Usually 2° to other illness

26
Q

Psychosis

A

Distorted perception of reality characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized thought/speech

27
Q

Delusions

A

Unique, false, fxed, idiosyncratic beliefs that persist despite the facts and are not typical of a patient’s culture or religion

28
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceptions in the absence of external stimuli

29
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Chronic mental disorder with periods of psychosis, disturbed behavior and thought, and decline in functioning lasting > 6
months
↑ dopaminergic activity, ↓ dendritic branching

30
Q

Diagnosis of schizophrenia

A 
Requires at least 2 of the following, and at least 1 of these should include 1–3:
(frst 4 are “positive symptoms”):
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations—often auditory
3. Disorganized speech
4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
31
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

Schizophrenia like sx lasting < 1 month

Usually stress related

32
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

Schizophrenia like sx lasting 1–6 months

33
Q

Schizoafective disorder

A

Meets criteria for
schizophrenia in addition to major mood disorder
Differentiate from a major mood disorder with psychotic features: patient must have > 2 weeks of hallucinations or delusions
without major mood episode

34
Q

Delusional disorder

A

Fixed, persistent, false belief system lasting > 1 month

35
Q

Mood disorder

A

Abnormal range of moods or internal emotional states and loss of control over them

36
Q

Manic episode

A

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently ↑ activity or energy lasting at least 1 week

37
Q

Hypomanic episode

A

Like a manic episode except mood disturbance is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social and/or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization
Lasts at least 4 consecutive days.

38
Q

Bipolar disorder (manic depression)

A

Bipolar I: presence of at least 1 manic episode +/− a hypomanic or depressive episode
Bipolar II: presence of a hypomanic and a depressive episode

39
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Milder form of bipolar disorder lasting at least 2 years, fluctuating between mild depressive and hypomanic symptoms

40
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Episodes characterized by at least 5 of the 9 diagnostic sx (SIG E CAPS) lasting ≥ 2 weeks

41
Q

Maternal (postpartum) “blues”

A

50–85% incidence rate.

Starting 2–3 days after delivery; usually resolves within 10 days

42
Q

Postpartum depression

A

≥ 2 weeks

43
Q

Postpartum psychosis

A

mood-congruent delusions, hallucinations, and thoughts of harming the baby or self

44
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Odd or eccentric; inability to develop meaningful social relationships

45
Q

Paranoid (type of cluster A personality disorder)

A

Pervasive distrust (Accusatory) and suspiciousness of others and a profoundly cynical view of the world

46
Q

Schizoid (type of cluster A personality disorder)

A

Voluntary social withdrawal (Aloof), limited emotional expression, content with social isolation (vs avoidant)

47
Q

Schizotypal (type of cluster A personality disorder)

A

Eccentric appearance, odd beliefs or magical thinking, interpersonal Awkwardness

48
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic; genetic association with mood disorders and substance abuse

49
Q

Antisocial (type of cluster B personality disorder)

A

Disregard for and violation of rights of others with lack of remorse, criminality, impulsivity; males > females; must be ≥ 18 years old and
have history of conduct disorder before age 15.
Conduct disorder if < 18 years old

50
Q

Borderline (type of cluster B personality disorder)

A

Unstable mood and interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, self-mutilation, suicidality, sense of emptiness; females > males; splitting is a major defense mechanism

51
Q

Histrionic (type of cluster B personality disorder)

A

Excessive emotionality and excitability, attention seeking, sexually provocative, overly concerned with appearance

52
Q

Narcissistic (type of cluster B personality disorder)

A

Grandiosity, sense of entitlement; lacks empathy

and requires excessive admiration; often demands the “best” and reacts to criticism with rage

53
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

Anxious or fearful; genetic association with anxiety disorders

54
Q

Avoidant (type of cluster C personality disorder)

A

Hypersensitive to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy, desires relationships with others (vs schizoid)

55
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive (type of cluster C personality disorder)

A

Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control; ego-syntonic: behavior consistent with one’s own beliefs and attitudes (vs OCD)

56
Q

Dependent (type of cluster C personality disorder)

A

Submissive and Clingy, excessive need to be taken care of, low self-confdence

57
Q

Factitious disorders

A

Consciously creates physical and/or psychological symptoms in order to assume “sick role” and to get medical attention and sympathy (1° [internal] gain)
Munchausen or Munchausen by proxy

58
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disordered regulation of sleep-wake cycles; 1° characteristic is excessive daytime sleepiness

59
Q

Cause of narcolepsy

A

↓ hypocretin (orexin) production in lateral hypothalamus

60
Q

Narcolepsy sx

A

-Hypnagogic (just before sleep) or hypnopompic (just before awakening)
hallucinations.
-Nocturnal and narcoleptic sleep episodes that start with REM sleep (sleep paralysis).
-Cataplexy (loss of all muscle tone following strong emotional stimulus, such as

61
Q

Most common cause of drug overdose death

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