Psych 4

Question 1

The organization and identification of sensory inputs

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Computer-like models of cognitive functioning

Focus on input-output functions and distinguish between serial and parallel processing of information

Answer 2

Information-processing models

Question 3

Processing that considers each input one at a time

Answer 3

Serial Processing

Question 4

Processing that devotes cognitive resources to multiple inputs at once

Answer 4

Parallel Processing

Question 5

The most evolved part of the brain where information processing takes place

Answer 5

Cerebral Cortex

Question 6

The part of the brain associated with motor control, decision making, and long-term memory storage

Answer 6

Frontal Lobe

Question 7

The part of the brain that processes tactile information; contains the somatosensory cortex

Answer 7

Parietal Lobe

Question 8

Part of the brain that processes visual information

Answer 8

Occipital Lobe

Question 9

Part of the brain that processes auditory and olfactory information
Also associated with emotion and language

Answer 9

Temporal Lobe

Question 10

One of the first developmental psychologists to reconcile nature and nurture into an integrated theory of child development

Answer 10

Jean Piaget

Question 11

Jean Piaget’s most notable contribution to developmental psychology

Answer 11

Theory of four universal stages of cognitive development

Question 12

Stage 1 of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Birth to 2 years)

Children learn to separate themselves from objects. They recognize their ability to act on and affect the outside world, and learn that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight- this understanding is called object permanence

Answer 12

Sensorimotor

Question 13

Stage 2 of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (2 to 7 years)

Children learn to use language while they continue to think very literally. They maintain an egocentric world view and have difficulty taking the perspective of others

Answer 13

Preoperational

Question 14

Stage 3 of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development ( 7 to 11 years)

Children become more logical in concrete thinking. They develop inductive reasoning, meaning that they can reason from specific situations to general concepts (the reverse, deductive reasoning, is not yet developed). They come to understand the idea of conversation- the concept that a quantity remains the same despite changes in its shape or container

Answer 14

Concrete Operational

Question 15

Stage 1 of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (11 years and up)

Children develop the ability to think logically in the abstract. Develop deductive reasoning skills (apply general concepts to specific situations). They learn to think theoretically and philosophically

Answer 15

Formal Operational

Question 16

Children in western cultures and generally object-focused, while those raised in Eastern cultures are more relationally focused

Answer 16

Role of culture in cognitive development

Question 17

Argues that language is a form of behaviour and thus is learned through operant conditioning.
Assumes that language develops through continuing interaction with environmental reinforcement, rather than focusing on innate ability

Answer 17

Learning Theory of language development

Behaviourist Theory; B.F. Skinner

Question 18

Emphasizes innate biological mechanisms and was developed in the context of criticism of the behaviourist explanation.
Proposes that language development is innately human, and that all people have a neural cognitive system, the language acquisition device, which allows for learning of syntax and grammar

Answer 18

Nativist Theory of language development

Noam Chomsky

Question 19

Emphasizes the interplay between environmental cues and innate biology in the development of language. The focus is on the social role that language plays.
The human brain develops so that it can be receptive to new language input and development, and children are motivated to practice and expand their language base in order to communicate and socialize

Answer 19

Interactionist Theory of language development

Question 20

Located in the frontal lobe, and is primarily involved in speech production. Damage to this area causes difficulty enunciating and speaking fluently, but their ability to understand language of others is unaffected

Answer 20

Broca’s Area

Question 21

Found in the temporal lobe, and contributes primarily to the understanding of language. Damage to this area causes inability to understand the meaning of words

Answer 21

Wernicke’s Area

Question 22

The ability to understand and reason with complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, and learn from experience

Answer 22

Intelligence

Question 23

Verbal scale and performance scale used to predict school performance and therefore correlates with school related skills, like math and verbal skills

Answer 23

IQ (intelligence quotient)

Question 24

Everyone has a variety of intelligences that are used in combination to solve problems and perform tasks

Answer 24

Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

Question 25

Learning disabilities that can be traced to a genetic disorder I.e. Phenylketonuria: inability to metabolize phenylalanine, causing damaging build up in the body and brain

Answer 25

Hereditary Influences

Question 26

The prenatal (in utero) environment can have a lasting impact on cognitive and intellectual abilities. Acute and chronic conditions affecting a pregnant woman can lead to a general learning disability in the child. (Examples include rubella, herpes, syphilis, diabetes, high blood pressure)

Answer 26

Environmental Influences

Question 27

Step by step procedure that leads to a definite solution

Answer 27

Algorithm

Question 28

Allows a new problem to be reduced to a previously known problem, where prior knowledge of how to determine the solution can be applied

Answer 28

Analogies

Question 29

Characterized by repeated, unsystematic attempts to solve a problem until the desired outcome is achieved

Answer 29

Trial and error

Question 30

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that often lead to a solution. Can be helpful and timesaving

Answer 30

Heuristics

Question 31

Based on personal perception or feeling rather than logic

Answer 31

Intuition

Question 32

People hold on to their initial beliefs, even when rational argument would suggest that they are incorrect

Answer 32

Belief Perseverance

Question 33

An example of belief perseverance

Answer 33

Overconfidence

Question 34

A multifaceted experience that is connected to thought, physiology, and behaviour

Answer 34

Emotion

Question 35

Emotion includes a personal assessment of the significance of a particular situation. This assessment leads to the subjective experience of the emotion- that is, the feeling that results from cognitive appraisal

Answer 35

Cognitive

Question 36

Emotions are often associated with activation of the autonomic nervous system. For exampe, a racing heart beat and sweaty palms may be a manifestation of fear or anxiety

Answer 36

Physiological

Question 37

Emotion can lead to urges to act in a certain way and thereby lead to actions. If provoked in an argument, for example, one may feel the behavioural urge to retaliate physically

Answer 37

Behavioural

Question 38

Connects the hypothalamus with structures in the temporal lobe. A significant player in the physiology of emotion

Answer 38

Limbic System

Question 39

Chiefly responsible for the emotional reactions of fear and anger

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

Significant player in the physiology of emotion

Answer 40

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 41

Involved in conscious regulation of emotional states, and is critical in temperament and decision making

Answer 41

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 42

Regulates autonomic nervous system's sympathetic and parasympathetic functions including the effects of stressors on heart rate, sweating, and arousal

Answer 42

Hypothalamus

Question 43

Physiologically based; states that an external stimulus elicits a physiological response, and that emotional experience depends on the recognition and interpretation of this physical reaction

Answer 43

James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 44

Posits that emotional feelings and physiological reactions to stimuli are experiences simultaneously. It argues that emotions cannot be determined solely by one's appraisal of physiological arousal because many physiological experiences have multiple emotional correlates. For example, a racing heart beat could indicate excitement, fear, or anger

Answer 44

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Question 45

A cognitive theory, also known as the two-factor theory of emotion. The theory states that physiological arousal is the first component of the emotional response. Suggests that for cognitive appraisal, that is to identify a reason for the initial arousal, one takes into account both the physiological response and situational cues

Answer 45

Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Question 46

Emotion promotes the organism's ability to thrive

Answer 46

Adaptive

Question 47

A psychological factor that provides a directional force or reason for behaviour

Answer 47

Motivation

Question 48

A biological, innate tendency to perform a certain behaviour that leads to the fulfillment of a need

Answer 48

Instinct

Question 49

Physiological and psychological tension

Answer 49

Arousal

Question 50

Urges to perform certain behaviours in order to resolve physiological arousal when that arousal is caused by the biological needs of the organism

Answer 50

Drives

Question 51

Focuses on internal factors in motivation; it posits that people are motivated to take action in order to lessen the state of arousal caused by a physiological need. Best applied to innate biological drives critical to survival

Answer 51

Drive reduction theory

Question 52

People are motived by external rewards

Answer 52

Incentive Theory

Question 53

Suggests that people behave based on their expectations

Answer 53

Cognitive Theories of emotion

Question 54

Propose that people are motivated by the desire to fulfill unmet needs

Answer 54

Need based Theories

Question 55

Component of attitudes: | A person's feelings or emotions about an object, person, or event

Answer 55

Affective Component

Question 56

Component of attitudes: | The influence that attitudes have on behaviour

Answer 56

Behavioural Component

Question 57

Component of attitudes: | Beliefs or knowledge about a specific object of interest

Answer 57

Cognitive Component

Question 58

Based on the premise that people are much more likely to agree to a large request if they first agree to a smaller one

Answer 58

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Question 59

A set of norms that dictate expected behaviour in a specific situation

Answer 59

Role

Question 60

The conflict or inconsistency between internal attitudes and external behaviours

Answer 60

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 61

People have an inherent desire to avoid the internal discomfort associated with a mismatch between attitudes and behaviours

Answer 61

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Question 62

Takes an information processing approach to persuasion, describing the interaction between an argument and relevant psychological factors of the person who receives the argument

Answer 62

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Question 63

Occurs when an individual does not think deeply to evaluate the argument. This can happen when a person is unable or unwilling to evaluate the situation fully or uses a heuristic method of problem solving

Answer 63

Peripheral route processing

Question 64

Occurs when an individual does think deeply and even elaborates on the argument that is presented. Central route persuasion appeals to logic and reason, and is influenced by both the argument itself and the credibility of the source

Answer 64

Central route processing

Question 65

Approaches behaviour change from a social learning perspective, in contrast to the intentional persuasion described by the elaboration likelihood model, and proposes that behaviour and attitudes change through a system of reciprocal causation, in which personal, behavioural, and environmental factors all influence each other

Answer 65

Social-Cognitive Theory

Question 66

Factors Affecting Attitude Change: | This includes the foot-in-the-door strategy, role-playing, and some instances of relieving cognitive dissonance

Answer 66

Behaviour Change

Question 67

Factors Affecting Attitude Change: A speaker who is viewed as credible is better able to affect the attitudes of the audience. A strong and persuasive argument is generally more likely to influence attitude than a weaker one

Answer 67

Characteristics of the message

Question 68

Factors Affecting Attitude Change: When the intended recipient of a persuasive message has deep knowledge and is willing to engage with argument, he or she is more likely to be persuaded if the argument is strong. Age matters aswell; young children are likely to respond emotionally rather than logically, which makes them particularly susceptible to attitude change and manipulation

Answer 68

Characteristics of the target

Question 69

Factors Affecting Attitude Change: Many social and environmental forces impact attitude and behaviour change. The medium of communication has an effect. Face to face communication is the most successful in changing attitudes. Social factors such as in group/ out group identification and groupthink significantly sway people's attitudes and behaviours.

Answer 69

Social Factors

Question 70

A wide range of internal mental activities, such as analyzing information, generating ideas, and problem solving

Answer 70

Cognition

Question 71

The strain that is experienced when an organism's equilibrium is disrupted and it must adapt

Answer 71

Stress

Question 72

Source of stress

Answer 72

Stressor

Question 73

Personal interpretations of the situations that triggered stress

Answer 73

Cognitive appraisals

Question 74

Can facilitate stress relief by allowing people to achieve a sense of purpose, focus, and optimism

Answer 74

Spirituality