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Psychology MCAT > Psych 2 > Flashcards

Psych 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response
(Pavlov’s Dog)

A

Classical Conditioning

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2
Q

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

A

Acquisition

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3
Q

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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4
Q

Disappearance of the conditioned response

A

Extinction

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5
Q

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus Generalization

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6
Q

The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus Discrimination

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7
Q

A type of associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behaviour based on its consequences
(B.F. Skinner; Skinner Box)

A

Operant Conditioning

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8
Q

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour

A

Reinforcement

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9
Q

A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour

A

Punishment

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10
Q

Introduction of a reinforcing stimulus in response to a desired behaviour

A

Positive Reinforcement

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11
Q

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a desired behaviour

A

Negative Reinforcement

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12
Q

Reinforcers and punishers that relate to a physiological need

A

Primary

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13
Q

Reinforces and punishers that require learning and social context to affect behavioural decisions

A

Secondary

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14
Q

When a learned behaviour allows a subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus

A

Escape Conditioning

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15
Q

When a learned behaviour allows the subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether by employing a specific response

A

Avoidance Conditioning

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16
Q

Describes how often and under what conditions a behaviour is reinforced

A

Reinforcement Schedule

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17
Q

Rewards are only given some of the times

A

Partial Reinforcement (intermittent Reinforcement)

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18
Q

Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses

I.e. A reward is given after every third time a mouse presses a lever

A

Fixed-Ratio

Partial Reinforcement

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19
Q

Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses

I.e. A reward is given after a mouse presses a lever 3 tunes, then 5, then 2

A

Variable-Ratio

Partial Reinforcement

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20
Q

Rewards to a response are provided after a specified time interval has passed

I.e. A reward is given 20 seconds after the first time a mouse presses a lever

A

Fixed-Interval

Partial Reinforcement

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21
Q

Rewards to a response are provided after an unpredictable time interval has passed

I.e. A reward is given 3 minutes after the first time the mouse presses a lever, then 2 minutes after, etc..

A

Variable-Interval

Partial Reinforcement

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22
Q

Shaping behaviour towards a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward to desired behaviour

A

Shaping

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23
Q

Behaviours that are developmentally fixed

A

Innate Behaviour

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24
Q

Necessary for the associative learning if non-instinctual behaviours

A

Cognitive Processes

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25
Q

Witnessing another person’s actions, retaining information on that person’s behaviour, and later re-enacting what was learned through that observation in one’s own behaviour (Modeling)

A

Observational Learning

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26
Q

Neurons that fire both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action

A

Mirror Neurons

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27
Q

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one’s own

A

Vicarious Emotions

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28
Q

The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli that they experience

A

Behaviour

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29
Q

All communication between people that does not involve words

A

Nonverbal communication

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30
Q

All interactions taking place between members of the same species

A

Social behaviour

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31
Q

Factors that draw members of a species together

A

Attraction

32
Q

Conflict and competition between individuals

A

Aggression

33
Q

Forming relationships between individuals

A

Attachment

34
Q

Finding help through social connections

A

Social support

35
Q

The set of behaviours through which animals obtain food

A

Foraging behaviour

36
Q

The behaviour surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction

A

Mating behaviour

37
Q

Determined be a number of factors, including attempts to judge the genetic qualities, overall health, and potential parenting skills of prospective mates

A

Mate Choice

38
Q

Behaviours that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group

A

Altruism

39
Q

An individual’s level of success at passing on its genes

A

Fitness

40
Q

Considers not only the individual’s own progeny, but also the offspring that are not their own

A

Inclusive Fitness

41
Q

Used to understand and model the decision making processes that govern competition, altruism, and other social behaviours.

The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account

A

Game Theory

42
Q

A collection of individuals joining together to to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose

A

An Organization

43
Q

Key to engaging in successful social interactions

A

Ability to express and detect emotions

44
Q

The process of consciously making behavioural choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others

A

Impression Management

45
Q

Proposes that impression management takes place in all aspects of human interaction
A person’s behaviour is an ongoing performance of self that changes according to the situation

A

Dramaturgical Approach

46
Q

Encompasses the behaviour that a player/person performs in front of an audience

A

Front stage self

47
Q

Employed when players are together, but no audience is present

A

Back stage self

48
Q

The phenomenon where a group’s members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony

A

Groupthink

49
Q

Through the interactions and discussions of the group, the attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitude of its individual members

A

Group Polarization

50
Q

The social influence exerted by one’s peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviours

A

Peer Pressure

51
Q

The tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched

A

Social Facilitation

52
Q

Diffusion of responsibility
Onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help

A

Bystander Effect

53
Q

Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder

A

Social loafing

54
Q

When people lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd

A

Deindividuation

55
Q

The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture

A

Socialization

56
Q

The rules that community members are expected to follow

A

Social Norms

57
Q

The groups of people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours.
Includes people such as family, friends, and neighbours, social institutions such as religion or school, consumption of mass media, and environments that include interactions with other people such as sports teams and the workplace

A

Agents of socialization

58
Q

The tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, and behaviours to align with group norms
A normal phenomenon for social animals

A

Conformity

59
Q

The term used to describe behavioural changes made in response to a command by an authority figure, in contrast to conformity, which involves the influence of one’s peers and culture

A

Obedience

60
Q

The process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture

A

Assimilation

61
Q

A culture that is shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart from the larger group

A

Subculture

62
Q

The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture

A

Multiculturalism

63
Q

The belief that one’s group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one’s own cultural standards

A

Ethnocentrism

64
Q

The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards

A

Cultural relativism

65
Q

A group with which an individual shares identity and toward which she feels loyalty

A

In group

66
Q

A group with which she does not identify and toward which she may feel competition or hostility

A

Out group

67
Q

The individual favours the in group and devalues the out groups

A

Bias

68
Q

Strict generalizations about people or other groups who are not part of the in group

A

Prejudices

69
Q

A concept about a group or category of people that includes the belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics
Can be positive, negative, or neutral

A

Stereotype

70
Q

The anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which he belongs or when he feels his performance may confirm a negative stereotype about his group

A

Stereotype Threat

71
Q

The stress and lowered expectations accompanying negative stereotypes contribute to making stereotypical beliefs into reality

A

Self-fulfilling prophecies

72
Q

Unfair treatment of others based on their membership in a specific social group

A

Discrimination

73
Q

One person behaves negatively toward another because of that person’s membership in a specific social group or category

A

Individual Discrimination

74
Q

Takes place at the level of social institutions when they employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping

A

Institutional Discrimination

75
Q

Learning that involves associations between certain stimuli and specific responses

A

Associative Learning (conditioning)

Psychology MCAT (5 decks)

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