Psych 2

Question 1

A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response
(Pavlov’s Dog)

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning

Question 2

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

Answer 2

Acquisition

Question 3

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response

Answer 3

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 4

Disappearance of the conditioned response

Answer 4

Extinction

Question 5

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Stimulus Generalization

Question 6

The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 7

A type of associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behaviour based on its consequences
(B.F. Skinner; Skinner Box)

Answer 7

Operant Conditioning

Question 8

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour

Answer 8

Reinforcement

Question 9

A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour

Answer 9

Punishment

Question 10

Introduction of a reinforcing stimulus in response to a desired behaviour

Answer 10

Positive Reinforcement

Question 11

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a desired behaviour

Answer 11

Negative Reinforcement

Question 12

Reinforcers and punishers that relate to a physiological need

Answer 12

Primary

Question 13

Reinforces and punishers that require learning and social context to affect behavioural decisions

Answer 13

Secondary

Question 14

When a learned behaviour allows a subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus

Answer 14

Escape Conditioning

Question 15

When a learned behaviour allows the subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether by employing a specific response

Answer 15

Avoidance Conditioning

Question 16

Describes how often and under what conditions a behaviour is reinforced

Answer 16

Reinforcement Schedule

Question 17

Rewards are only given some of the times

Answer 17

Partial Reinforcement (intermittent Reinforcement)

Question 18

Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses

I.e. A reward is given after every third time a mouse presses a lever

Answer 18

Fixed-Ratio

Partial Reinforcement

Question 19

Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses

I.e. A reward is given after a mouse presses a lever 3 tunes, then 5, then 2

Answer 19

Variable-Ratio

Partial Reinforcement

Question 20

Rewards to a response are provided after a specified time interval has passed

I.e. A reward is given 20 seconds after the first time a mouse presses a lever

Answer 20

Fixed-Interval

Partial Reinforcement

Question 21

Rewards to a response are provided after an unpredictable time interval has passed

I.e. A reward is given 3 minutes after the first time the mouse presses a lever, then 2 minutes after, etc..

Answer 21

Variable-Interval

Partial Reinforcement

Question 22

Shaping behaviour towards a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward to desired behaviour

Answer 22

Shaping

Question 23

Behaviours that are developmentally fixed

Answer 23

Innate Behaviour

Question 24

Necessary for the associative learning if non-instinctual behaviours

Answer 24

Cognitive Processes

Question 25

Witnessing another person's actions, retaining information on that person's behaviour, and later re-enacting what was learned through that observation in one's own behaviour (Modeling)

Answer 25

Observational Learning

Question 26

Neurons that fire both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action

Answer 26

Mirror Neurons

Question 27

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one's own

Answer 27

Vicarious Emotions

Question 28

The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli that they experience

Answer 28

Behaviour

Question 29

All communication between people that does not involve words

Answer 29

Nonverbal communication

Question 30

All interactions taking place between members of the same species

Answer 30

Social behaviour

Question 31

Factors that draw members of a species together

Answer 31

Attraction

Question 32

Conflict and competition between individuals

Answer 32

Aggression

Question 33

Forming relationships between individuals

Answer 33

Attachment

Question 34

Finding help through social connections

Answer 34

Social support

Question 35

The set of behaviours through which animals obtain food

Answer 35

Foraging behaviour

Question 36

The behaviour surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction

Answer 36

Mating behaviour

Question 37

Determined be a number of factors, including attempts to judge the genetic qualities, overall health, and potential parenting skills of prospective mates

Answer 37

Mate Choice

Question 38

Behaviours that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group

Answer 38

Altruism

Question 39

An individual's level of success at passing on its genes

Answer 39

Fitness

Question 40

Considers not only the individual's own progeny, but also the offspring that are not their own

Answer 40

Inclusive Fitness

Question 41

Used to understand and model the decision making processes that govern competition, altruism, and other social behaviours. The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account

Answer 41

Game Theory

Question 42

A collection of individuals joining together to to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose

Answer 42

An Organization

Question 43

Key to engaging in successful social interactions

Answer 43

Ability to express and detect emotions

Question 44

The process of consciously making behavioural choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others

Answer 44

Impression Management

Question 45

Proposes that impression management takes place in all aspects of human interaction A person's behaviour is an ongoing performance of self that changes according to the situation

Answer 45

Dramaturgical Approach

Question 46

Encompasses the behaviour that a player/person performs in front of an audience

Answer 46

Front stage self

Question 47

Employed when players are together, but no audience is present

Answer 47

Back stage self

Question 48

The phenomenon where a group's members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony

Answer 48

Groupthink

Question 49

Through the interactions and discussions of the group, the attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitude of its individual members

Answer 49

Group Polarization

Question 50

The social influence exerted by one's peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviours

Answer 50

Peer Pressure

Question 51

The tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched

Answer 51

Social Facilitation

Question 52

Diffusion of responsibility Onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help

Answer 52

Bystander Effect

Question 53

Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder

Answer 53

Social loafing

Question 54

When people lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd

Answer 54

Deindividuation

Question 55

The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture

Answer 55

Socialization

Question 56

The rules that community members are expected to follow

Answer 56

Social Norms

Question 57

The groups of people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours. Includes people such as family, friends, and neighbours, social institutions such as religion or school, consumption of mass media, and environments that include interactions with other people such as sports teams and the workplace

Answer 57

Agents of socialization

Question 58

The tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, and behaviours to align with group norms A normal phenomenon for social animals

Answer 58

Conformity

Question 59

The term used to describe behavioural changes made in response to a command by an authority figure, in contrast to conformity, which involves the influence of one's peers and culture

Answer 59

Obedience

Question 60

The process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture

Answer 60

Assimilation

Question 61

A culture that is shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart from the larger group

Answer 61

Subculture

Question 62

The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture

Answer 62

Multiculturalism

Question 63

The belief that one's group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards

Answer 63

Ethnocentrism

Question 64

The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards

Answer 64

Cultural relativism

Question 65

A group with which an individual shares identity and toward which she feels loyalty

Answer 65

In group

Question 66

A group with which she does not identify and toward which she may feel competition or hostility

Answer 66

Out group

Question 67

The individual favours the in group and devalues the out groups

Answer 67

Bias

Question 68

Strict generalizations about people or other groups who are not part of the in group

Answer 68

Prejudices

Question 69

A concept about a group or category of people that includes the belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics Can be positive, negative, or neutral

Answer 69

Stereotype

Question 70

The anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which he belongs or when he feels his performance may confirm a negative stereotype about his group

Answer 70

Stereotype Threat

Question 71

The stress and lowered expectations accompanying negative stereotypes contribute to making stereotypical beliefs into reality

Answer 71

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 72

Unfair treatment of others based on their membership in a specific social group

Answer 72

Discrimination

Question 73

One person behaves negatively toward another because of that person's membership in a specific social group or category

Answer 73

Individual Discrimination

Question 74

Takes place at the level of social institutions when they employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping

Answer 74

Institutional Discrimination

Question 75

Learning that involves associations between certain stimuli and specific responses

Answer 75

Associative Learning (conditioning)