Psych 3

Question 1

What most people probably think of when they define personality
It says the personality consists of a set of traits, which are characteristics that vary between people

Answer 1

Trait theory of personality

Question 2

Assume’s that a person’s genome contributes to the formation of personality, and that personality traits differ in the extent to which they are influenced by heredity versus environmental factors

Answer 2

Biological Theory of Personality

Question 3

An innate, genetically influenced baseline of personality that includes the infant’s tendency towards certain patterns of emotion and social interaction

Answer 3

Temperament

Question 4

Useful in separating the effects of genetics and the environment by building a picture of which traits are more closely tied to genetics than others

Answer 4

Twin Studies

Question 5

Pioneered by Sigmund Freud, proposes a universal personality structure that contributes both to behaviour and to differences between people

Answer 5

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 6

The most primitive part of personality , which seeks instant gratification with no consideration for morality or social norms

Answer 6

ID

Question 7

Develops later in life through internalization of society’s rules for moral behaviour, learned primarily through interactions with caregivers

Answer 7

Superego

Question 8

Part of personality that is forced to direct behaviour in a way that balances the demands of the id and the superego

Answer 8

Ego

Question 9

Personality of constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment

Answer 9

Behaviourist Theory

Question 10

Focuses on learning experiences and observable behaviours.

It considers the contributions of an individual’s mental life and personal choices

Answer 10

Social Cognitive

Question 11

People continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals

Answer 11

Humanistic Theory

Question 12

Most fundamentally the collection of lasting characteristics that makes a person unique

Answer 12

Personality

Question 13

The concept of enduring personality traits is fatally flawed because of the variations in behaviour that occur across different situations

Answer 13

Situational Approach to explaining behaviour

Question 14

A person’s view if who they are in terms of both internal factors, including personality traits, and social or external factors, like group membership

Answer 14

Identity

Question 15

The knowledge of oneself as a person both separate from other people and constant throughout changing situations

Answer 15

Self-Concept

Question 16

The perception of oneself as a member of certain social groups

Answer 16

Social identity

Question 17

Race/ethnicity,bgender, age, sexual orientation, and class

Answer 17

Types of identities

Question 18

The process by which developing individuals learn the values, norms, and appropriate behaviours of their society, continuing throughout the lifespan

Answer 18

Socialization

Question 19

Involved in socialization and identity formation

Answer 19

Influence of individuals

Question 20

Adopting the role of another person, either by imitating behaviours associated with specific social roles, or by taking the other person’s point of view in a social interaction

Answer 20

Role-taking

Question 21

A group that provides one with a model for appropriate actions, values, and worldviews

Answer 21

Reference group

Question 22

A person’s overall value judgement of him or herself

Answer 22

Self-esteem

Question 23

The feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully

Answer 23

Self-efficacy

Question 24

A person’s belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping his or her life

Answer 24

Locus of control

Question 25

Sequential series of psychosexual stages in early childhood

Answer 25

``` Freud's theory of developmental stages Oral Anal Phallic Latent Genital ```

Question 26

Re envisioned the psychosexual stages as psychosocial ones

Answer 26

``` Erik Erikson Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame, doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair ```

Question 27

Proposed that learning takes place through interactions with others that promote the acquisition of culturally valued behaviours and beliefs

Answer 27

Lev Vygotsky

Question 28

Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning

Answer 28

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Level 1: pre-conventional Morality (1. Punishment 2. Reward) Level 2: conventional Morality (3. Social disapproval 4. Rule following) Level 3: Post-conventional Morality (5. Social contract 6. Universal ethics)

Question 29

A line of research into the causes that people use to explain the observed behaviours of others

Answer 29

Attribution Theory

Question 30

Assigning the cause to an inherent quality or desire

Answer 30

Dispositional Attribution

Question 31

Deciding that environmental forces were in control

Answer 31

Situational Attribution

Question 32

The tendency to automatically favour dispositional attributions over situational ones when judging other people

Answer 32

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 33

The tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors while attributing one's failures to external factors

Answer 33

Self-Serving Bias

Question 34

Sets of psychological abnormalities that are maladaptive to the individual

Answer 34

Psychological Disorders

Question 35

Classification of Psychological Disorders Provides a standardized system for diagnosing and discussing psychological disorders, including sets of specific symptoms that are characteristic of each disorder

Answer 35

The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)

Question 36

Characterized by bodily symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, and motor problems, along with associated psychological symptoms that cause significant problems problems for the individual

Answer 36

Somatoform Disorders

Question 37

Disorders defined by the experience of unwarranted fear and anxiety, physiological tension, and behaviours associated with the emotional and physical experience of anxiety Commonly connected to worries about the future; often experienced in response to stress Excessive sympathetic nervous system activation

Answer 37

Anxiety Disorders

Question 38

Defined by two extremes, or poles, along the spectrum of emotional experience: extreme sadness and despair (depression) versus excitement so intense that it is detrimental to well-being (mania)

Answer 38

Mood Disorders

Question 39

Pervasive feelings of sadness and hopelessness and/or loss of interest in activities that an individual usually enjoys

Answer 39

Depression

Question 40

A debilitating and rare disorder that can have a wide variety of clinical presentations but is fundamentally characterized by an impaired connection with reality Can experience hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech as well as lack of emotion, motivation, enjoyment of activities

Answer 40

Schizophrenia

Question 41

Defined by the experience of dissociation: a split between different aspects of psychological functioning. Experienced as a disruption in identity, memory, or consciousness

Answer 41

Dissociative Disorders Example: dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)

Question 42

Involve the development of personality traits that cause psychological and social dysfunction

Answer 42

Personality Disorder

Question 43

Anxiety Disorders 18% Mood Disorders 9.5% Schizophrenia 1% Personality Disorders 9%

Answer 43

Approximate 1 year prevalences of psychological disorders among americans 18yrs or older