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Psychology MCAT > Psych 3 > Flashcards

Psych 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What most people probably think of when they define personality
It says the personality consists of a set of traits, which are characteristics that vary between people

A

Trait theory of personality

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2
Q

Assume’s that a person’s genome contributes to the formation of personality, and that personality traits differ in the extent to which they are influenced by heredity versus environmental factors

A

Biological Theory of Personality

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3
Q

An innate, genetically influenced baseline of personality that includes the infant’s tendency towards certain patterns of emotion and social interaction

A

Temperament

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4
Q

Useful in separating the effects of genetics and the environment by building a picture of which traits are more closely tied to genetics than others

A

Twin Studies

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5
Q

Pioneered by Sigmund Freud, proposes a universal personality structure that contributes both to behaviour and to differences between people

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

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6
Q

The most primitive part of personality , which seeks instant gratification with no consideration for morality or social norms

A

ID

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7
Q

Develops later in life through internalization of society’s rules for moral behaviour, learned primarily through interactions with caregivers

A

Superego

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8
Q

Part of personality that is forced to direct behaviour in a way that balances the demands of the id and the superego

A

Ego

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9
Q

Personality of constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment

A

Behaviourist Theory

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10
Q

Focuses on learning experiences and observable behaviours.

It considers the contributions of an individual’s mental life and personal choices

A

Social Cognitive

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11
Q

People continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals

A

Humanistic Theory

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12
Q

Most fundamentally the collection of lasting characteristics that makes a person unique

A

Personality

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13
Q

The concept of enduring personality traits is fatally flawed because of the variations in behaviour that occur across different situations

A

Situational Approach to explaining behaviour

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14
Q

A person’s view if who they are in terms of both internal factors, including personality traits, and social or external factors, like group membership

A

Identity

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15
Q

The knowledge of oneself as a person both separate from other people and constant throughout changing situations

A

Self-Concept

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16
Q

The perception of oneself as a member of certain social groups

A

Social identity

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17
Q

Race/ethnicity,bgender, age, sexual orientation, and class

A

Types of identities

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18
Q

The process by which developing individuals learn the values, norms, and appropriate behaviours of their society, continuing throughout the lifespan

A

Socialization

19
Q

Involved in socialization and identity formation

A

Influence of individuals

20
Q

Adopting the role of another person, either by imitating behaviours associated with specific social roles, or by taking the other person’s point of view in a social interaction

A

Role-taking

21
Q

A group that provides one with a model for appropriate actions, values, and worldviews

A

Reference group

22
Q

A person’s overall value judgement of him or herself

A

Self-esteem

23
Q

The feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully

A

Self-efficacy

24
Q

A person’s belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping his or her life

A

Locus of control

25
Q

Sequential series of psychosexual stages in early childhood

A 
Freud's theory of developmental stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
26
Q

Re envisioned the psychosexual stages as psychosocial ones

A 
Erik Erikson 
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame, doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority 
Identity vs. role confusion 
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair
27
Q

Proposed that learning takes place through interactions with others that promote the acquisition of culturally valued behaviours and beliefs

A

Lev Vygotsky

28
Q

Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning

A

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Level 1: pre-conventional Morality (1. Punishment 2. Reward)
Level 2: conventional Morality (3. Social disapproval 4. Rule following)
Level 3: Post-conventional Morality (5. Social contract 6. Universal
ethics)

29
Q

A line of research into the causes that people use to explain the observed behaviours of others

A

Attribution Theory

30
Q

Assigning the cause to an inherent quality or desire

A

Dispositional Attribution

31
Q

Deciding that environmental forces were in control

A

Situational Attribution

32
Q

The tendency to automatically favour dispositional attributions over situational ones when judging other people

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

33
Q

The tendency to attribute one’s success to internal factors while attributing one’s failures to external factors

A

Self-Serving Bias

34
Q

Sets of psychological abnormalities that are maladaptive to the individual

A

Psychological Disorders

35
Q

Classification of Psychological Disorders

Provides a standardized system for diagnosing and discussing psychological disorders, including sets of specific symptoms that are characteristic of each disorder

A

The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)

36
Q

Characterized by bodily symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, and motor problems, along with associated psychological symptoms that cause significant problems problems for the individual

A

Somatoform Disorders

37
Q

Disorders defined by the experience of unwarranted fear and anxiety, physiological tension, and behaviours associated with the emotional and physical experience of anxiety

Commonly connected to worries about the future; often experienced in response to stress

Excessive sympathetic nervous system activation

A

Anxiety Disorders

38
Q

Defined by two extremes, or poles, along the spectrum of emotional experience: extreme sadness and despair (depression) versus excitement so intense that it is detrimental to well-being (mania)

A

Mood Disorders

39
Q

Pervasive feelings of sadness and hopelessness and/or loss of interest in activities that an individual usually enjoys

A

Depression

40
Q

A debilitating and rare disorder that can have a wide variety of clinical presentations but is fundamentally characterized by an impaired connection with reality
Can experience hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech as well as lack of emotion, motivation, enjoyment of activities

A

Schizophrenia

41
Q

Defined by the experience of dissociation: a split between different aspects of psychological functioning.
Experienced as a disruption in identity, memory, or consciousness

A

Dissociative Disorders

Example: dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)

42
Q

Involve the development of personality traits that cause psychological and social dysfunction

A

Personality Disorder

43
Q

Anxiety Disorders 18%
Mood Disorders 9.5%
Schizophrenia 1%
Personality Disorders 9%

A

Approximate 1 year prevalences of psychological disorders among americans 18yrs or older

Psychology MCAT (5 decks)

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