Psych Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Physical response to stimulus
Operant
Positive reinforcment
- Negative: Removal of a bad stimulus with a good action
- Punishment: giving a bad action a bad stimulus
- Extinction
Acting Out
Temper tantrum
Dissociation
Stress leads to a complete change in personality
Displacement
-Ideas a feeling are transferred to a neutral third party. Yell at kid because of problems at work
Identification
- Seeing yourself as a more powerful person
- Abused child see’s themselves as the father
Isolation
removal of feelings from events and ideas
Projection
Internal negative feelings are attributed to an outside cause.
Husband who is cheating blames his wife for cheating
Reaction Formation
Negative percieved actions are replaced by the exact opposite. Adulterous man joins a monastery
Regression
-Go into immatuiry, more common in kids
Repression (blocking)
- Involuntary blocking of emotons or memories
- Forget that something happened
mature
below
Altruism
-Negative feelings are replaced by generous actions that benefit others
Sublimation
-Putting negative emotions into positive work
Supression
Voluntarily withholding negative ideas
ADHD
- Decreased Frontal Lobe volumes
- Tx: Methylphenidate and amphetamines, which will increase NE and DA in the frontal lobe
Tourettes
- Tics must last more than 1 year
- Tx with antipsychotics
Separation Anxiety
Can be treated with SSRI
Rett
X linked
-All girls
Small head and severe loss of abilities after normal development for 1-4 years. Hand wringing
Childhood disinegrative
Normal development for 2+ years followed by massive loss in social and self skills
Anxiety
-Increase NE, Decrease GABA and 5HT
Depression
-Decreased NE, DA, 5HT
Alzheimers
decreased Ach, treat with centrally acting AchEI (Donepazil)
Huntingtons
-Decrease GABA increase DA, decrease Ach
Schizophrenia
-Inreased DA
PArkinsons
Decreased DA increased Ach, 5HT
DIssociative Amnesia
-Loss of memory of important personal information following trauma.
Delerium
- Rapid onset of a loss of mental abilities, hypersomnolence
- Psychotic symptoms, hallucinations, etc
- Decreased attention span, decreased level of arousal and abnormal EEG
- Caused secondary to some other illness and thus reversible. Anticholinergics,
- May be treated with antipsychotics but also supportive care
Dementia
Gradual decline in mental capacity, especially memory
- Normal EEG
- Irreversible
Psychosis
Hallucinations, delusions, illusions, disorganized speech
- Visual: Drugs
- Auditory: mental illness
- Tactile: Alcohol and cocaine
- Olfactory: Siezures
Schizophrenia
Must last more than 6 months of psychotic disorder
-Positive symptoms (dellusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) also negative symptoms such as flat affect and social withdrawl
Brief Psychotic Disorder
-Arises in response to stress and lasts less than 1 month
Schizophreniform
-1-6 months
Schizoaffective
2 weeks of schizophrenia and mood disorder
Dellusional Disorder
-Fixed dellusion that lasts more than one month but does not affect ones day to day life
Mania
DIGFAST
- Disorganized speech, irritability, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, decreased sleep, talkative
- Hypomania is just a step below
Bipolar
- Characterized by manic episodes and depressed episodes
- Be sure to treat with mood stabalizer before givinig antidepressants as antidepressants could cause suicide
- Type I is manic and type 2 is hypomanic
Cyclothymia
Disorder that lasts 2 years or greater that has mild depression and hypomania
Major Depression
SIGMECAPS
-Sleep, Interest, Guilt, Mood (Required), Energy, Concentration, appetite, Psychomotor slowing, Suicide
Dysthymia
-2 years plus of milder depressive symptoms
Atypical Depression
The most common subtype
- Can experience positive and negative mood in response to life changes.
- Hypersensitivity to rejection
- Psychomotor slowing, somnolence, weight gain
- TX with MAOI or SSRI
Postpartum
Blues: less than 14 days = crying, depressed affect, fatgue
Depression: longer than 2 weeks. Depressed mood and anxiety, poor concentration
Psychosis: Hallucinations, illusions, confusion. Danger to baby and must take away
Electroconvulsive therapy
- Induction of brief siezures in anethsatized patient
- Used to treat refractory, pregnant, or urgent psychosis
- May cause disorientation and anterograde/retrograde amnesia
Anxiety Disoerders
OCD, Panic, GAD, Social/specific phobia, agoraphibia, etc
Panic Disorder
- Severe acute somatic symptoms that interfere with daily life
- Tx: Benzos, SSRI, venlafaxine
Agoraphobia
- Intese anxiety and fear over a specific situation
- Commonly associated with panic disorder
Specific Phobia
- Fear outside of what is reasonable, patient is usually aware
- Tx SSRI or CBT
Social Phobia
- Fear of performing in specific situations
- Restroom and public speaking are most common
- Can give beta blockers for public speaking and can CBT for restroom etc
OCD
- Obsessions and repetitive actions of tasks that are inconcsitent with beliefs and attitudes.
- Distinguish with Obsessive Compulsive personality where actions are consistent with ones own beliefs
- Tx: SSRI, clomipramine
- Commonly associated with tourettes
PTSD
Flashbacks and hieghtened vigalence in response to a tramatic event
- Must last more than a month or else is an acute stress disorder
- Treated with SSRI and CBT
GAD
Anxiety that is not related to a specific event or idea or person
- Present for more than 6 months
- SSRI, SNRI
ADjustment Disoreder
Emotional symptoms of depression and or anxiety in response to an identifiable emotional stressor
-Lasts shorter than 6 months
Somatization
-Multiple complaints in multiple organ systems before patient is 30 yers of age. Dont confuse with conversion
Conversion
- Loss of control motor or sensory following an acute stressor
- More common in women and young adults
-Patient may not always be aware of problem
Pain Disorder
Recurrent complaints that only revolve around pain
Hypochondriasis
-Inreasonable fear of SEVERE illness
Cluster A
- Odd thinking and impaired social relationships, commonly associated with schizophrenia
- Schizoid, Schizotypal, Paranoid
Paranoid
-Distrust
Schizoid
-Lack of interest in social interaction. Voluntary isolation
Schizotypal
-Odd thining and eccentric behavior
Cluster B
-Impaired understanding of social norms. Associated with substance abuse and mood disorders
Antisocial
- Lack of respect and awarness of social bounds
- Comes out of conduct disorder. Likely to be criminals and likey to hav substance abuse
Borderline
- Unstable activities and relationships.
- Self mutilation, emptiness
- Splitting is commmonly seen
Histrionic
- Obsessed with appearance
- Sexually provacative and attention seeking
Narcasistic
- Grandiose ideas of self achievment and self entitlment
- Meets disrespsect or criticism with rage
Cluster C
Anxious and worry disorders, highly associatedd with anxiety
Avoidant
Desires social relationships but is hypersensitive to rejection
Obsessive Compulsive
Obsesion with order and perfectionism
-Consistent with ones own beliefs as opposed to OCD
Dependent
- Low self confidence and dependence on others
- Submissive
Anorexa
Decreased weight, coexists with depression
Bulemia
Binging and purging, generally normal BMI
-Scars on knuckles, parotiditis, enamal wasting
Transexualism vs transvestite
-Transexual actually wants to be the opposite gender and transvestite is just a paraphilia that wants to dress like one
Amphetamines
- Cause the release of caethacholamines from nerve terminals
- Hyper SANS stimulation
- Risk of siezures and heart attack
- Acidification of urine will increase excretion rate
Substance abuse stages
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Planning
- Action
- Maintenance
- Relapse
Alcohol
- Respiratory depression, especially if combined with other sedatives
- Serum gamma gltamuyl transferase, also AST is 2x ALT
Delerium Tremens
- Hyperactivation of SANS, peaks at 2-5 days post stop drinking
- Begins with hypertension, siezures
- Hallucinations (tactile)
- Confusion, coma, death
Malory Weis
tear
Other conditoi
Anemia megaloblastic
Testicular atrophy
vitamin deficency
Cirrhosis, HCC, SCC oral
WK
Opthalmolpegia, Ataxia, Amnesia
-Anterograde amnesia leads to confabulations
Opiods
Respiratory and CNS depression
- decreased gag reflex and siezures
- Do not give oxygen and give naloxone which is a mu antagonist
- Naltrexone is a weaker antagonist and best used for withdrawl symptoms
- Methadone has longer half life and is used to treat withdrawl
- Buprenoprhine is a partial agonist and is often given with naltrexone
- Withdrawl is cold turkey with flu like symptoms, anxiety, diahhrea, rhinorrhea, yawning
Barbiturates
- Induce GABA current
- Can cause repiratory depression and reduced BP leading to death
- Tx is supportive
Benzos
GABAa partial agonist, inlikely to cuase respiratory depression and death
- Flumezanil is competeitve antagonist at benzo binding site
- Rebound anxiety and changes in sleep are seen in rapid withdrawl
COcaine
- Poor judgment, paranoia, hallucinations
- No beligerance or nystagmus (differentiation from PCP)
- Can cause siezures and cardiac arrest
- Tx of overdose with benzos
Nicotine
Withdrawl can be treated with buproprion and varenicline
PCP
Belligerance and nystagmus
- Trauma is the most common cause of death
- Can also get rhabdo
- Tx: benzo
Marijauna
- Anxiety, parnoia, laziness and apetite
- Dry mouth and conjunctival injection from vasodilation
- Withdrawl can cause irritability, depression, insomnia, etc
