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Boards 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone Synthesis

A

Steroids from Cholesterol
-Peptides are transcribed into the ER with an N terminal signal sequence (PreProhormone), in ER N terminal sequence is cleaved off and hormone becomes Prohormone in Golgi. In secretory vesicles final processes allows for clevage to active hormone

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2
Q

Feedback loops

A
  • Long is Test to hypothalamus and AP
  • Short is AP to hypo
  • ultrashort is AP on AP
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3
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • Estrogen on AP during ovulation
  • During labor, oxytocin is induced by cervical distension and stimulate uterine contraction. More contraction leads to more distension leads to more oxytocin
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4
Q

Down R

A
  • Beta Arestin and receptor degredation
  • Progesterone downregulates estrogen receptors in uterus
  • T3 downregualtes TRH receptors in AP
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5
Q

Up regulation

A
  • Prolactin stimulates own receptors in breast
  • GH stimulates own receptors in muscle
  • Estrogen stimulates own receptors in uterus
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6
Q

GPCR

A
  • i inhibits adenylate cyclase and decreases cAMP
  • PDE degrade cAMP
  • Gq goes through PLC and activates PKC
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7
Q

Guanylate Cyclase

A

NO, ANP

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8
Q

Ser/Threonine

A

Calcium Calmodulin

-MAPK

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9
Q

RTK

A

Insulin and growth factors.

-IP3 and PKB

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10
Q

RATK

A

GH and cytokines

-JAK STAT

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11
Q

Steroid

A

Intracellular (Nuclear for thyroid), dimerization and zn finger domains act as transcription factors for SREs

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12
Q

AP

A

Acidophils: PRL and GH
Basophils: LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH
-LH, FSH, TSH, HCG are glyocproteins with the same alpha subunit and different beta subunit
-ACTH is released by basophils in the POMC form

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13
Q

GH

A
  • 2 disulfide bonds, highly similar to PRL
  • Stimulated at pubeity by steroids
  • Also released during stage III and IV sleep
  • Released in response to low glucose levels and stress
  • Causes and increase in blood glucose and lipid levels, diabetogenic effect, opposes action of insulin in tissues, but insulin is still secreted
  • Inhibited by somatostatin (Gi)
  • Increased by GHRH (Gs)
  • Is trophic to chondrocytes to increase long bone growth
  • Excess treated with octreotide (also used in esophageal varicies)
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14
Q

PRL

A
  • Binds to JAK STAT receptor and increases growth of breast tissue during pregnancy and suclkling (Direct stimulation)
  • Actions are opposed during pregnancy at the level of the receptor due to elevated E and P levels
  • Inhibited by dopamine (Gi) from AP in portal system
  • Increaed by TRH (Gs), Suckling
  • Also inhibits GNRH leading to infertility and amenorrhea (Clinical signs of AP adenoma)
  • Bromocritine is a dopamine analog that will block release
  • Antipsychotics are D2 antagonists that will increase release (Loss of inhibition)
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15
Q

Post Pit

A

Neurons directly secrete hormones into the blood stream in response to direct neural stimualtion.

  • Release is almost immediate to stimulation
  • Stored in vesicles with neurophysins (Supraoptic ADH) paraventricular (Oxytocin)
  • 9AA peptide with significant homolgy
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16
Q

ADH

A
  • Secreted via AP in reesponse to increased osmolarity sensed in the anterior hypothalamus
  • V1 receptors are Gq and present on vascular smooth muscle
  • V2 receptors are on principal cells and increase aquaorin and urea transport
  • Can also respond to large drops in BP (AngII) and also direct vagal stimulation from carotid and aortic baroreceptors
  • Central DI treated with vasopressin
  • Nephrogenic DI treated with Thiazides
  • SIADH treated with demeclocycline
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17
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Main function is to constrict myoepithelum in response to suckling
  • May also have a role in uterine contraction and stopping bleeding after birth
  • Can be released by suckling, Conditoining to baby, Diltaion of cervix (Positive feedback during partruition)
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18
Q

Thyroid Production

A
  • Follicles contain basolateral Na/I active transport of I into cells and is transported to the apical membrane where it is oxidized to yield I2
  • Anions like thyocyanate will impair transport of Iodine into cell
  • Thyroglobulin is made and secreted by the nucleus into the colloid
  • In they colloid, thyroperoxidase organifies iodine to thyroglobulin generatig MIT and DIT
  • Wolff Chiakoff effect will impair organification
  • Thyroid peroxidase then couples MIT and DIT together to generate T3 and T4 that are still attached to thryoglobulin
  • Thyroglublin will remain in coloid until TSH stimulation leads to endocytosis and lysosomal degredation yielding T3 and T4
  • There is generally 10x mor T4 than T3
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19
Q

Transport

A

T4 the binds to TBG and is transported to target tissues

  • Hepatic failure will decrease total T levels but will have normal free T levels
  • Pregnancy will increase TBG and total levels will rise, with normal free
  • Tissue mediated 5’ deiodinase will change T4 into the active T3, 50% is inactive rT3
  • Regulation occurs at this step, starvation etc will lead to a decrease in T3 levels due to 5’ deiodinase
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20
Q

Regulation

A
  • TRH is stimulatory to Basophilic thyrotrophs in AP (Gs) also stimulatory to PRL secretion
  • TSH stimulates thryoid growht and hormone release
  • T3 feedbacks to AP by decreasing TRH receptors and thus decreasing TSH release
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21
Q

Thyroid Functions

A
  • Nuclear receptor targets a number of genes
  • Increase BMR, Na/K ATPase
  • Increase cardiac contractility and HR (increase B1 expression and increase contractile proteins)
  • Has permissive caetacholamine effects throughout body
  • Overall catabolic on tissues and can increase blood glucose levels
  • Works synergytsially with GH for skeletal maturation
  • Necessary for proper synapse formation
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22
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Graves: AutoAb, myxedema and proptosis (increase GAG secretion, TSH)
  • Adenom: Increase TSH and pretibial myxedema
  • Iatogenic: No goiter and low TSH
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23
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Hashimotos: GOiter and high TSH
  • I deficecny; Goiter and high TSH
  • Loss TRH or TSH: no goiter and low TSH
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24
Q

Fetal Cortex

A

-Fetal Cortex is present at 8 weeks of gestation and degrades by birth

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25
Q

Steroid Horomone Synthesis

A
  • Requires NADPH and Cyp-450 enzymes, also oxygen
  • Takes place in the mitochondria
  • Rate limiting step is desmolase which is stimulated by ACTH and inhibited by Ketocolanazole
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26
Q

Glomerulosa

A
  • Can produce corticosterone before aldosterone which can funtion as a glucocorticoid
  • 17 Deficency leads to a decrease in aldosterone because 11-DOC and corticosterone are active enough constrictors on vasculature to shut off via increased Renin
  • RAAS is major control
  • K also is major control through opening channel and increaseing intracellular Ca
  • AT2 which regulates aldosterone synthase is a Gi receptor. In vasculature increases Ca and in Glomerulosa increases aldosterone synthesis
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27
Q

Reticularis

A
  • All are 17 ketosteroids and can be converted to androgens in the testis
  • In femalse they play a role in the development of pubic and axillary hair
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28
Q

HPA

A
  • CRH is Gs
  • ACTH is Gs
  • Major control is cortisol feedback
  • Reduced cortisol leads to increase ACTH and hyperplasia in CAH
  • Also, longterm steroids lead to atrophy of ACTH and adrenals
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29
Q

Glucocorticoid Functions

A
  • Increase blood glucose: GNG, Lipolysis, Proteolysis
  • Increase alpha 1 expression
  • Bind aldosterone receptors on smooth muscle and constrict
  • Decrease collagen type 1 synthesis: Striae and osteoporosis, also decrease intestinal absorption
  • Pulsatile releaese leads to increased wakefulness in the limbic system
  • Increase RPF by constricting afferent arteriole
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30
Q

Calcium in Blood

A

Half of Ca is bound to albumin or to other plasma proteins and only half is in the free ionized form

  • When alkalemic OOH residues lose their H and are OO- which can bind Ca. Alkalosis leads to decreased Ca levels
  • Hypercalcemia will cause constipation, stones, etc
  • Hypocalcemia makes membranes less depolarized and hyperexcitable leading to chovteks sign etc
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31
Q

PTH

A

Secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland

  • Works via a Gs protein to increase Ca
  • Osteoblasts have receptors for PTH and actually build bone in response. Only over long term exposure will bone start to be broken down through the release of cytokines
  • Vitamin D also stimulates bone resorption so that new bone can be formed. In the absence of Ca this can’t happen. Reason for increased ALK phos in bone problems
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32
Q

Familial Hypercalcemia

A

-Defect in Ca sensors leads to abarent PTH secretion and aberrant Ca absoprtion in the GI

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33
Q

1 alpha hydroylase

A

-Functions in the renal tubular mitochondria. All steroids work or are synthesized in the mitochondria

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34
Q

Thyroid Embryology

A

Invagination off pharynx, endodermal origin

  • Descends behind foramen cecum along thyroglossal duct
  • Duct cyst is midline and moves with swallowing
  • Branchial cyst is lateral
  • Pyramidal lobe is sometimes in thyroglossal duct or at base of tongue
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35
Q

Fetal Adrenal Gland

A

Sits interior to the cortex that is developing

  • Secretes some androgens in gestation to augment mothers supply
  • Late in gestation secretes cortisol under influence of mother and self pit to mature lungs
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36
Q

Pheo and Nueroblastom

A

Adrenal Medullary tumors

  • RET associated for pheo when part of MEN
  • N-Myc for kids neuroblastoma
  • Treat with surgey and phenoxybenzamine
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37
Q

Fetal Adrenal Gland

A

Placenta can’t make own steroids but can aromatize DHEA from maternal and fetal adrenals into estrone which is major placenta estrogen

38
Q

Cushings Syndrome

A
  • Elevated Cortisol Levels, check with 24 hour urine cortisol
  • Immunodeficency (Lipocortin supresses AA, IL-2 decrease, Stabalize lysosomes, decrease histamine and seretonin release from Mast Cells)
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Muscle wasting and truncal obesity
  • Striae and osteoporosis (Colalgen type 1 decreased)
  • Hypertension: Cortisol has mineralocorticoid action, but at normal levels is deactivated at kidney. Also induces alpha 1 expression on vasculature
  • Mania: roles in sleep wake cycles and circadian rythms
  • Disease is from an ectopic ACTH secreting adenoma (will be supressed with high dose dex)
  • Ectopic tumor (RCC, Small Cell Lung, bronchial carcinoid) will not supress with high dose dex
  • Primary adrenal tumor will show decreased ACTH levels
  • Iatrogenic is most common cause and will show decreased ACTH
  • 11-deoxy and corticosterone are weak glucocorticoids
39
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A
  • Increased secretion from adrenal
  • HTN, Sodium retention, decreased H and K leading to alkalosis
  • Primary from an adrenal tumor and will have low renin
  • Secondary from a renin tumor or poor renal perfusion: renal artery stenosis, or decreased effective blood volume, edema (Nephrotic, CHF, Renal Failure)
  • Diuretics can also cause a lower effective blood volume
  • Tx is spironolactone
40
Q

Addisons

A
  • Adrenal insuffency leading to decreased Cortisol and Aldosterone
  • Hypoglycemia, fatigue, hypotension, hyperkalemia and acidosis
  • Primary will show an elevated ACTH level and there will be skin hyperpigmentation. (Metastasis (lungs), CMV, TB infection, most common is autoimmune, ketocolanazole also possible
  • Also can be waterhouse freidrichson which is hemorrhagic infarction from sepsis or meningococemic septicemia
  • Can be secondary to abrupt withdrawl of steroids (usually will have ACTH atrophy and low ACTH levels)
  • Secondary is to low ACTH levels
  • Adrenal Crisis can develop post rapid withdrawl of cotrisol. Massive physiology and psychosis
41
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A
  • Tumor of the adrenal medulla. Most common inadults (NC derived)
  • Associated with VHL, MEN 2 (Also med C), and NF-1
  • Hypersection of epi, norepi, and DA leads to episodic HTN, headaches, flushing, etc
  • Urine will have high metanephrines and vanilic acid (DA)
  • Treat with surgical removal and phenoxybenzamine
  • MIBG scan used to localize lesion
42
Q

Caetacholamine Synthesis

A
  • Phenylalanine and phenylalanine hydroxulase (tetrahydrobiopterin and NADPH)
  • Tyronse to Dopa (tyrisine hydroxylase) requires NADPH and Tetrahydrobiopterin
  • Dopa to dopamine Dopa decarboxylase (B6)
  • Dopamine to Norepi Dopamine hydroxylase (Vitamin C)
  • Norepi to Epi PNMT (SAM)
  • DA - HVA
  • Norepi - VMA
  • Epi - Metanephrine
  • COMT breaks down all ternimal caethacholamines with SAM
43
Q

Neuroblastoma

A
  • Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids
  • NF-1 associated
  • Rarely produces Nor/Epi and is more likele to have HVA
  • May be located somethwer else in the abdomen MIBG scan
  • N-MYC oncogene
44
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Slowed reflexes and other symptoms
  • Facial and periorbital myxedema. TSH activie on fibs
  • Skin yellowing, TSH necessary to convert beta carotene
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Myxedema crisis is precipitated by stress, patients get respiratory and cardiac depression
  • Give thyroid, cortisol and respiratory support
45
Q

Hashimotos

A
  • DR5 associated
  • immune infiltration and germinal center formation leads to hypothyroidism
  • Elevated TSH leads to diffuse goiter with low T3 and T4 levels
  • Also see anti-TPO antibodies (Microsomal)
  • Hurthle cells (Large eosinophillic giant cells)
  • Treat with levo
  • Can increase risk of marginal zone lymphoma (NHL Bcell) at germinal centers
  • May present early as hyperthyroid
46
Q

Cretinism

A
  • Thyroid necessary for bone and brain development (Synapses)
  • Perinatal hyopthyroidism leads to short stature and retardation
  • Could be mutation in TPO or iodine deficency
  • Myxeda, leads to produbert stomach and puffy face and protuding umbilicus
47
Q

Subacute Thyroiditis

A
  • Post viral granulomatous inflammation of thryoid
  • Diffuse painful goiter
  • May be hyper or hypothyroid
  • resolves after a month
  • Elevated ESR and Jaw Pain
48
Q

Drugs

A

Lithium - interferes with GPCR signalling

Amiodarone (Can be up or down)

49
Q

Riedel’s

A

Thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue leads to hypofunction

  • Differentiate from Anaplastic carcioma based on patients age
  • Firm thyroid
  • Related to systemic sclerosing disorders IgG4 related
50
Q

Hyperthryroidism

A

Hyperthyroid signs with pretibial myxedema

51
Q

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

A
  • Specific portions of thyroid develop autonomous secretion due to mutation in TSH receptor leading to automaticity
  • Nodular goiter
  • Can occur after a persion with iodine deficent goiter is made iodine replete
52
Q

Graves

A

TSI antibodies lead to stimuation of thyroid

  • Pretibial myxedema, exopthalmous
  • Often rpsents with childbrith
53
Q

Thyroid Storm

A
  • Thyroid induces increased BMR and icnreased B1 expression, especially on the heart
  • Stressful situation in the context of hyperthyroid can lead to massive caetacholamine release and arryhtmia
  • Death is by arrythmia
  • Give beta blockers and anti-thyroid meds
  • May also be elevated alk phos from bone turnover
54
Q

Struma Ovarii

A

-Ovarian teratoma that secretes thyroid hormone

55
Q

Female Ligaments

A
  • Suspensory of ovary carries ovarian vessels
  • Ovarian ligament connects ovary to uterus (derivative of gubernaculum)
  • Round ligamen connects uterus to labia majora (gubernaculum)
  • Cardinal Ligament connects cervix to lateral wall
  • Uterosacral ligament connects cervix to sacrum
  • Broad ligament is double fold of peritoneum that holds all of it
56
Q

Epithelial layers

A

Vagina and ectocervix are stratified non keratinized squamous epithelium

  • Endocervix and uterus are simple columnar epithelium
  • Uterin glands are pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Fallopian tubes are ciliated simple columnar
  • OVary is cuboidal
57
Q

Male anatomy

A
  • Testis: Seminiferous tubiules dump into rete testis then into head of epididymis and then tail of epidydims then to vas deferens
  • Vas deferens ascend and wrap around prostate to enter prostatic urethra
  • Seminal vesicles are posterior to prostat and dump in
  • ejaculatory duct is within the prostate
  • Cowpers glands dump in as well
58
Q

Male sexual respnse

A
  • PANS from pelvic splanchnics increase NO and lead to cGMP
  • SANS release NE (hypogastric nerve) and cause emssion and stop erection
  • Pudendal controls ishciocavernosum and ejaculation
59
Q

Klienfelters

A

-XXY due to maternal nondisjuntion
-Seminferous tubule dysgenesis with decreased funtion leading to decreased inhibin and increased FSH
-Decreased T and Increased E with normal or increased estrogen
Bar body will be present
-Small hard testis with fibrous displacement of tissue
-Extra X chromosomes can elad to retardation

60
Q

Turners

A
  • XO paternal nondisjuntion or silencing/mocasism
  • May be the cause of a x linked recessive trait expressed in females
  • Preductal coarc and bucuspid aorta
  • Horsehoe kidney
  • Diabetes
  • Eye problems
  • Dysgenesis and streak ovaries leading to increased FSH and LH with little to no estrogen
  • Lymphedema
  • Hypothyroidism
61
Q

Female Pseudohermaphrodite

A

Elevated levels of androgens from CAH (21 or 11) or exogenous steroids.
-Ovaries and uterus will be present due to lack of MIF, but secondary sex will appear male

62
Q

Androgen insensitivity

A
  • Defect in androgen receptor that is contained in the X chromosome leads to increase in all hormone levels but absence of testosteron
  • Testis will be in labia and should be removed to prevent malignancy
  • CAG repeat number correlates with strength of androgen receptor
63
Q

5 Alpha reductase deficency

A
  • Leads to inabiltiy to convert T to DHT
  • Leads to normal internal genetailia but ambiggous external genetalia
  • AR
  • At puberty there will be rapid increase in T that leads to development of secondary sex
64
Q

Kallman syndrome

A

Improper migration of GnRH secreting neurons to arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

  • Leads to decreased of all hormones
  • Anosmia is also present
65
Q

Mullerian Agenesis

A

-Normal female internal but there is a problem and no female external

66
Q

Complete Mole

A
  • Egg without any genetic material is fertilized by 2 sperm or one sperm that divides
  • Leads to 46 XX/Y chromosomes
  • Massive increase in hCG and large uterus with abnormal bleeding
  • Proliferatino of synctititrophoblasts and edematous villi with out any fetal tissue
  • May risk of uterine rupture
  • Can progress to choriocarcinoma or other malignancy
  • D and C and treat with MTX, monitor hCG for recuurence
67
Q

Partial Mole

A
  • 2 sperm fertalize a single egg leading to 69 chromosomes
  • less severe, presence of some fetal tissue, decreased hCG in comparison, lower risk of choriocarcinoma and will not rupture
68
Q

Pre Eclampsis

A
  • HTN and proteinuria during pregnancy that leads to edema (Cerebral and pulmonary are potentially dangerous)
  • Caused by dysfucntional fetal maternal interface leading to ischemia and vasoactive substances being released
  • Increased risk with autoimmune disorders, pre-existing HTN, DM
  • May progress to eclampsia if there are siezures. Treat with MgSO4
  • May also progress to HELPP with hemolysis, DIC, low platelets and elevated liver enzymes
  • If occurs before 20 weeks think of a molar pregnancy as normal presentation is after 20 weeks
  • Death due to ARDS and cerebral edema
69
Q

Abruptio Placenta

A
  • Early rupture of membranes leading to massive hemorrhage
  • Delivery must occur immediately or risk baby abd mother
  • Associated with trauma, cocaine, smoking, HTN
  • Painful bleeding in third trimester
70
Q

Placenta Acreta

A
  • Placenta attached to myometruim
  • Difficult delivery of afterbirth and massive hemorrhage may require C-section of hysterectomy
  • Risk factors are inflammation, prior C-Section and DandC
71
Q

Placenta Previa

A
  • Placenta forms over the cervical os
  • Usually presents with painless late term bleeding
  • Must deliver by C-section or risk fetal ischemia
  • Increased risk with multiparitry and prior C-section
72
Q

Retained placenta tissue

A
  • Can cause hemorrhage

- Can also lead to infection. Staph Ureus and anaerobes are classic

73
Q

Ectopic

A
  • Generally occurs in tubal
  • Occurs due to impaired ciliary action of tubes
  • Related to previous tubal scarring: Endometriosis, PID, prior surgery/inflammation, appendix rupture
  • Endometrium will be decidulaized but there will be no vili because ther eis no implantation
  • hCG will be lower than expected
74
Q

Polyhydramnios

A
  • TOo much fluid from swallowing defect
  • Duodenal or TEF
  • Also anencephaly
75
Q

Oligohydramnios

A
  • Too little fluid from problem with renal system
  • Bilateral renal agenesis
  • Posterior urethral valves
  • Placental insufficecny (Can’t deliver enough fluids to make proper fluid)
76
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

-Rh incompatibility

77
Q

Hydrops

A

Hemoglobin bartz and 4 alpha thal

parvovirus

78
Q

Cervical Dysplasia

A

-Associated with HPV 16 and 18 which contain proteins E6 which inhibits p53 and E7 which inhibits Rb
-Generally occurs at the ecto/endo transition from squamous to columnar epithelium
-CIN is progressing layers of inclusion with CIS all the layers but not through the basement membrane
-Majority of invasive are SCC and invade locally to cause renal obstruction
-Adenocarcinoma is possible but less common
-

79
Q

Vaginal Cancer

A
  • Associated with HPV 16,18
  • Clear cell with DES
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is desmin positive and presents in young girls
  • Vaginal drainage: Exterior 1/3 is to the superficial nodes and superior 2/3 is to the hypogastric nodes
80
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • Endometrial tissue that gets pushed into somewhere else
  • Hormonally responsive and pain around with cycles and pain on intercourse.
  • A common location is posterior to the uterus in the rectouterine pouch of douglas which is the most dependent part of the peroneum
  • Can be risk for ectopic pregnancies and infertility
  • Treat with OCP, Flutamide, Danazol (inhibits gonadotropes at AP)
81
Q

Adenomyosis

A

-Endometrial tissue that is present in myometrium and causes pain with menses
-Not located elsewhere
Enlarged uterus

82
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

A
  • Associated with anything that increases estrogen
  • Nuliparity, obesity, HRT, early menarche and late menopause
  • Presents as abnormal uterine bleeding (Post menopausal) and can be risk factor for endometrial cancer
  • PCOS, Anovulatory Cycles, Granulosa Cell tumor
83
Q

Endometrial Carcinoma

A

-Most common type is endometroid and arises from hyperplasia
-Spread is usually local and may cause renal obstrucion.
Most common gyn malignany in females
-Also can be a serrous form that is not related to estrogen exposure (Papillary structures and serrous)

84
Q

Leiomyoma

A
  • Extremely common and presents with pain that is cycle respondent
  • May cause bleeding and lead to many abortions
  • May cause anemia
85
Q

Leiomyosarcom

A
  • Not related to leiomyoma
  • Malignant with splindle cells and many mitoses (other is well demarcated and whorled)
  • Bulky, areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. Increase incidence in AA
  • Tendency to recur
86
Q

Epidemiology

A

Endometrial > Ovarian > cervical

Severity: Ovarian > Cervical > Endometrial

87
Q

Pagets Disease

A

Can also occur in the vagina with adenocarcionoma cells invading squamous epithelium.
-Be sure to distinguish between melanoma which will be keratin negative

88
Q

PCOS

A
  • Characterized by elevated LH, Elevated androgens and insulin resistance
  • Decreased FSH because of elevated androgens
  • Obesity and hirsuitism
  • Treat with metformin for DM
  • Clomiphine (SERM at hypothalamus) for fertility
  • OCP for LH/FSH imbalance
  • Antiandrogens (Spironolactone) for hirsuitism
  • Increased risk of endometrial cancer (Elevated estrogens from adipose aromatization of androgens) There will be no progesterone to oppose
  • Tx: Low dose progesterone decreases LH and decreases androgens
89
Q

Cysts

A

Follicular: Anovulatory cycle. May lead to hyperestrineism, common

  • CL cyst: common and inconsequental
  • Theca Leutin: may hemorrhage and bleed, associated with molar pregnancies and twinning (elevated hCG stimulation)
  • Hemorrhagic: Resolves
90
Q

Mature Teratoma/ dermoid cyst

A

-various types of tissue, common

91
Q

Strumaa Ovarii

A

-Monodermal teratoma

92
Q

Endometroid

A

-Endometriosis in ovary leads to choclate cyst

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