Psych 113 (social psychology) Flashcards
What is Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)?
a bias in attributing other’s behaviour to internal causes over situational
What is Actor Observer Discrepancy?
Our behaviour is due to external factors, but others is internal with no reasoning.
What does Trope (1986) photo study show about emotion?
participants were shown photos of sad people
they rated them as being ‘sadder’ if they were told they were at a funeral
shows context is key to interpretations
What did Ambady et al (1999) show about sexual orientation judgements?
55% accurate on photos
70% accurate on a silent video
What does the OCEAN acronym stand for?
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
What can bias an impression? (3)
physical appearance
stereotypes
primacy and recency effect (Asch, 1947)
What is the Primacy-Recency Effect and who proposed it?
Asch, 1947
people tend to remember the first and last items of an interaction, but not the middle ones
What are the 3 dimensions of a face?
Intension
Ability
Attractiveness
Jaeger et al (2018)
Air BnB Study
Found that ‘more attractive’ hosts charged more
found black hosts charge lower
what is a benefit of isolation?
increases creativity and freedom of expression
What is a sociotropic orientation?
individuals who value closeness and social acceptance to boost self esteem
What is a soliotropic orientation?
The tendency to enjoy time alone and interact with others less.
What is the social affiliation model? (O’Connor & Rosenblood, 1996)
The idea that we seek interaction to be consistent with our internal optimum range (this is different for everyone)
What are the physical effects of isolation on the body? (4)
- reduces hippocampus size
- increases amygdala activity
- increases the risk of a heart attack
- increases susceptibility to common colds
What are the 4 different types of relationships?
- support clique
- sympathy group
- friendship group
- clansmen
What are the situational factors in relationship formation? (4)
- Proximity
- familiarity
- availability
- expectation of continued interaction
What is the repulsion hypothesis?
the idea that similarity doesn’t lead to liking, it is dislike that pushes people apart.
What are the 3 aspects in the love triangle (Sternberg, 1988)
Passion (physical sexual attraction)
Intimacy (emotional warmth)
Commitment (resolve to maintain)
What are the 4 factors of a relationship breakdown (Levinger, 1980)
- a new life is needed
- alternative partners are available
- expectation of failure
- lack of commitment
What are the 3 stages of social contagion? (Le Bon, 1896)
- Submergence
- Contagion
- Suggestion
What is the Deindividuation Theory (Diener, 1980)?
Suggests that negative behaviour is more likely when there is anonymity as we feel less responsible and are guided by impulse
According to Baron (1977) what are the 3 elements to aggression?
- intent to harm the victim
- the victim must be living
- the victim must be motivated to avoid harm
What is Lorenz’s (1966) biological theory of aggression?
Suggests that aggression is an instinct which has evolved in natural selection, and it is inevitable.
What is the Social Constructivist Theory of aggression? (Averill, 1981)
The idea has been created and accepted by people in society, so aggression is a socially programmed response that culturally differs.
What is the by-stander calculus model? (Pilivan et al., 1981)- 3 stages
- Physiological arousal and empathetic response
- labelling arousal
- evaluating consequence
What are the 5 cues for Correspondent Inference Theory?
- Was the act freely chosen?
- produced a non common effect
- socially desirable?
- directly impacted you
- Act was personal?
According to Armor & Taylor 2002, what is the optimism bias?
The belief that we are less likely to experience a negative event
What is an internal locus of control?
the belief that hard work determines future
they tend to have less heart attacks and a higher academic achievement.
What is the ABC model in attitude formation?
A- Affective component
B- Behavioural component
C- Cognitive component
How are attitudes formed? (2 factors)
Factor 1- mere exposure effect
factor 2- classical and operant conditioning
What is an autocratic leader?
task focused, makes all the decisions, not very liked, high productivity when present but low when not
What is the peripheral trait in impression formation
the trait that is less influential in impression formation
Amygdala
The brain region responsible for memory, decision making and emotions
Hospitalism
A state of apathy and depression in infants due to a lack of social contact
Social Brain Hypothesis
The intelligence needed for navigating life in social groups, related to Theory of Mind
Assortative mating
The tendency to chose partners with similar characteristics
Hamilton’s Rule
Altruism evolves if relatedness (r) x benefit to recipient (B) > cost to altruist (C)
Affective empathy
The automatic emotional response to other’s feelings
Cognitive empathy
the conscious effort to understand another’s emotional state.
Pluralistic ignorance
Privately rejecting a norm while incorrectly assuming others accept it
Just-World Hypothesis
The belief that people get what they deserve, impacting behaviour and empathy
