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1st Year Psych Uni > Psych 112 Neuroscience > Flashcards

Psych 112 Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Approximately how many neurons are there in the human brain?
a. 86 million

b. 1 billion

c. 86 billion

d. 1000 billion

A

c
86 billion

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2
Q

Humans are unique because:

a. We have the biggest brains of any animal

b. We have the biggest brains relative to our body size of any animal

c. We show Machiavellian intelligence

d. None of the above

A

d
none of the above

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3
Q

The diencephalon is part of the:
a. Forebrain

b. Midbrain

c. Hindbrain

d. Cerebral cortex

A

a
forebrain

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4
Q

The amygdala is part of the:
a. Limbic system

b. Cerebellum

c. Temporal lobe

d. Occipital lobe

A

a
limbic system

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5
Q

An action potential starts when:
a. Calcium ions leave the axon

b. Potassium ions enter the axon

c. Sodium ions enter the axon

d. Chloride ions leave the axon

A

c
sodium ions enter the axon

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6
Q

Usually neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the:
a. Soma

b. Dendrites

c. Axon

d. Terminal buttons

A

b
dendrites

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7
Q

One of the main functions of the basilar membrane is to:
a. Carry vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear

b. Separate out the different frequency components of sounds

c. Separate the middle ear into different compartments

d. Protect the sensitive hair cells

A

b
separate out the different frequency components of sounds

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8
Q

Acoustic vibrations are transduced into electrical neural impulses primarily by the:
a. Inner hair cells

b. Outer hair cells

c. Ossicles

d. Inferior colliculus

A

a
inner hair cells

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of cones:
a. They are involved in the perception of colour

b. They are more sensitive to low light levels than are rods

c. They are concentrated in the fovea

d. They come in three different types

A

b
they are more sensitive to low light levels than rods

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10
Q

The high convergence of rods gives the associated ganglion cells:
a. Sensitivity to low light levels

b. Poor spatial acuity

c. Wide receptive fields

d. All of the above

A

d
all of the above

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11
Q

In the hierarchical control of movement, which of these is the lowest processing stage (i.e., the region most directly connected to the muscles) in the hierarchy?
a. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

b. Secondary motor cortex

c. Primary motor cortex

d. Parietal association cortex

A

c
primary motor cortex

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12
Q

Which of these statements is true about stage 3 sleep?
a. No dreaming occurs

b. Muscles are paralysed

c. The EEG trace displays mainly alpha waves

d. The EEG trace displays mainly delta waves

A

d
the EEG traces display mainly delta waves

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13
Q

An agonistic drug:
a. Causes an inhibitory post-synaptic potential

b. Causes an excitatory post-synaptic potential

c. Increases the post-synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter

d. Both B & C

A

c
increases the post synaptic effect on the neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Which of these drugs is an indirect antagonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor?
a. Cocaine

b. Botulinum toxin

c. Nicotine

d. Alcohol

A

d
Alcohol

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15
Q

When taken, addictive drugs tend to:
a. Produce withdrawal

b. Reduce tolerance of the drug

c. Reinforce drug-taking behaviour

d. Inhibit the nucleus accumbens

A

c
reinforce drug taking behaviour

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16
Q

The “smart drug” modafinil:
a. Elevates histamine levels

b. Reduces anxiety

c. Increases narcolepsy

d. Reduces dopamine levels

A

a
Elevates histamine levels

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17
Q

What type of brain damage is concussion?
a. Primary

b. Secondary

c. Psychological effects

d. None of the above

A

a
primary

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18
Q

Human brains are about ____ water.
a. 10%

b. 75%

c. 90%

d. 50%

A

b
75%

19
Q

Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to:
a. Recall memories formed before the event causing the amnesia

b. Form new declarative memories

c. Remember personal information or events from the individual’s past life

d. All of the above

A

b
form new declarative memories

20
Q

The amygdala is thought to be involved in:
a. Sensory memory

b. Classical conditioning

c. Working memory

d. Declarative memory

A

b
classical conditioning

21
Q

The NMDA glutamate receptor has an open ion channel when
a. Glutamate binds to the receptor

b. The postsynaptic membrane is depolarised

c. Glutamate binds to the receptor and the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarised

d. Glutamate binds to the receptor and the postsynaptic membrane is depolarised

A

d
glutamate binds to the receptor and the postsynaptic membrane is depolarised

22
Q

Which of the below is not an example of non-delcarative (implicit) long-term memory
a. Motor

b. Sensory

c. Experiences

d. Skills

A

c
experiences

23
Q

The sight of Christmas presents can produce feelings of excitement and anticipation. This is an example of the effects of:
a. Operant conditioning

b. Classical conditioning

c. Declarative memory

d. The magic of Christmas

A

b
classical conditioning

24
Q

We tend to eat too much at Christmas in part because:
a. The food is very varied

b. The ventromedial hypothalamus is very active

c. The lateral hypothalamus is suppressed

d. Santa is a bad example

A

a
the food is very varied

25
Q

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

A

Supresses feeding behaviour, fear and thermoregulation
is responsible for the feeling of fullness

26
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus do?

A

regulates food intake, arousal, pain perception, body temperature and decreases metabolic rate.

27
Q

Which pathway is the ventral tegmental area involved in?

A

the reward pathway

28
Q

What is the role of ganglion cells

A

to combine the electrical outputs from the rods and cone cells.

29
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

makes sure the correct movements are initiated.
helps to complete movements, and supress unwanted ones.

30
Q

What is the monro-kellie hypothesis

A

the idea that the sum of the skull must remain constant
brain + CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) + blood volume = constant

31
Q

Rostral

A

Front area of the brain

32
Q

Dorsal

A

Top part of the brain

33
Q

Meninges

A

three protective layers/brain membranes

34
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

fluid cushioning the brain
provides nutrients to the brain

35
Q

Where are the telencephalon and diencephalon?

A

Forebrain

36
Q

What does the limbic system do and where is it found?

A

Regulates memory and emotion
the forebrain

37
Q

What is the Machiavellian hypothesis?

A

The idea that we have large brains for social manipulation

38
Q

What is the function of the basilar membrane?

A

Tunes specific sound frequencies and separates components of complex sounds for neural processing
separates out different frequency components of sound

39
Q

What do the hair cells do?

A

Convert the vibrations from the basilar membrane into electrical signals through stereocilia bending and ion channel activation

40
Q

What is the Fovea?

A

the area in the retina that provides the clearest vision due to direct light exposure on the cones.
the cone cells are concentrated here.

41
Q

Cerebellum function

A

processes, stores and coordinates voluntary movements

42
Q

Afferent Pathway

A

transmits information from receptor to integrating centre

43
Q

Efferent Pathway

A

transmits information from the integrating centre to the effector

1st Year Psych Uni (6 decks)

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