Psych 112 Neuroscience Flashcards
Approximately how many neurons are there in the human brain?
a. 86 million
b. 1 billion
c. 86 billion
d. 1000 billion
c
86 billion
Humans are unique because:
a. We have the biggest brains of any animal
b. We have the biggest brains relative to our body size of any animal
c. We show Machiavellian intelligence
d. None of the above
d
none of the above
The diencephalon is part of the:
a. Forebrain
b. Midbrain
c. Hindbrain
d. Cerebral cortex
a
forebrain
The amygdala is part of the:
a. Limbic system
b. Cerebellum
c. Temporal lobe
d. Occipital lobe
a
limbic system
An action potential starts when:
a. Calcium ions leave the axon
b. Potassium ions enter the axon
c. Sodium ions enter the axon
d. Chloride ions leave the axon
c
sodium ions enter the axon
Usually neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the:
a. Soma
b. Dendrites
c. Axon
d. Terminal buttons
b
dendrites
One of the main functions of the basilar membrane is to:
a. Carry vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear
b. Separate out the different frequency components of sounds
c. Separate the middle ear into different compartments
d. Protect the sensitive hair cells
b
separate out the different frequency components of sounds
Acoustic vibrations are transduced into electrical neural impulses primarily by the:
a. Inner hair cells
b. Outer hair cells
c. Ossicles
d. Inferior colliculus
a
inner hair cells
Which of the following is NOT true of cones:
a. They are involved in the perception of colour
b. They are more sensitive to low light levels than are rods
c. They are concentrated in the fovea
d. They come in three different types
b
they are more sensitive to low light levels than rods
The high convergence of rods gives the associated ganglion cells:
a. Sensitivity to low light levels
b. Poor spatial acuity
c. Wide receptive fields
d. All of the above
d
all of the above
In the hierarchical control of movement, which of these is the lowest processing stage (i.e., the region most directly connected to the muscles) in the hierarchy?
a. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
b. Secondary motor cortex
c. Primary motor cortex
d. Parietal association cortex
c
primary motor cortex
Which of these statements is true about stage 3 sleep?
a. No dreaming occurs
b. Muscles are paralysed
c. The EEG trace displays mainly alpha waves
d. The EEG trace displays mainly delta waves
d
the EEG traces display mainly delta waves
An agonistic drug:
a. Causes an inhibitory post-synaptic potential
b. Causes an excitatory post-synaptic potential
c. Increases the post-synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter
d. Both B & C
c
increases the post synaptic effect on the neurotransmitter
Which of these drugs is an indirect antagonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor?
a. Cocaine
b. Botulinum toxin
c. Nicotine
d. Alcohol
d
Alcohol
When taken, addictive drugs tend to:
a. Produce withdrawal
b. Reduce tolerance of the drug
c. Reinforce drug-taking behaviour
d. Inhibit the nucleus accumbens
c
reinforce drug taking behaviour
The “smart drug” modafinil:
a. Elevates histamine levels
b. Reduces anxiety
c. Increases narcolepsy
d. Reduces dopamine levels
a
Elevates histamine levels
What type of brain damage is concussion?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Psychological effects
d. None of the above
a
primary
Human brains are about ____ water.
a. 10%
b. 75%
c. 90%
d. 50%
b
75%
Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to:
a. Recall memories formed before the event causing the amnesia
b. Form new declarative memories
c. Remember personal information or events from the individual’s past life
d. All of the above
b
form new declarative memories
The amygdala is thought to be involved in:
a. Sensory memory
b. Classical conditioning
c. Working memory
d. Declarative memory
b
classical conditioning
The NMDA glutamate receptor has an open ion channel when
a. Glutamate binds to the receptor
b. The postsynaptic membrane is depolarised
c. Glutamate binds to the receptor and the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarised
d. Glutamate binds to the receptor and the postsynaptic membrane is depolarised
d
glutamate binds to the receptor and the postsynaptic membrane is depolarised
Which of the below is not an example of non-delcarative (implicit) long-term memory
a. Motor
b. Sensory
c. Experiences
d. Skills
c
experiences
The sight of Christmas presents can produce feelings of excitement and anticipation. This is an example of the effects of:
a. Operant conditioning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Declarative memory
d. The magic of Christmas
b
classical conditioning
We tend to eat too much at Christmas in part because:
a. The food is very varied
b. The ventromedial hypothalamus is very active
c. The lateral hypothalamus is suppressed
d. Santa is a bad example
a
the food is very varied
What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?
Supresses feeding behaviour, fear and thermoregulation
is responsible for the feeling of fullness
What does the lateral hypothalamus do?
regulates food intake, arousal, pain perception, body temperature and decreases metabolic rate.
Which pathway is the ventral tegmental area involved in?
the reward pathway
What is the role of ganglion cells
to combine the electrical outputs from the rods and cone cells.
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
makes sure the correct movements are initiated.
helps to complete movements, and supress unwanted ones.
What is the monro-kellie hypothesis
the idea that the sum of the skull must remain constant
brain + CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) + blood volume = constant
Rostral
Front area of the brain
Dorsal
Top part of the brain
Meninges
three protective layers/brain membranes
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
fluid cushioning the brain
provides nutrients to the brain
Where are the telencephalon and diencephalon?
Forebrain
What does the limbic system do and where is it found?
Regulates memory and emotion
the forebrain
What is the Machiavellian hypothesis?
The idea that we have large brains for social manipulation
What is the function of the basilar membrane?
Tunes specific sound frequencies and separates components of complex sounds for neural processing
separates out different frequency components of sound
What do the hair cells do?
Convert the vibrations from the basilar membrane into electrical signals through stereocilia bending and ion channel activation
What is the Fovea?
the area in the retina that provides the clearest vision due to direct light exposure on the cones.
the cone cells are concentrated here.
Cerebellum function
processes, stores and coordinates voluntary movements
Afferent Pathway
transmits information from receptor to integrating centre
Efferent Pathway
transmits information from the integrating centre to the effector
