PSYCH 1115- Week6

Question 1

What is matrophobia?

Answer 1

Fear of becoming one’s mother.

Mannerisms, characteristics facial expressions (learned by observation, modelling)

Question 2

Psychologist who believed that we were largely born with a clean slate (Nurture driven)?

Answer 2

B.G. Skinner “Give me a child and I’ll shape him into anything”

Learned solely through the world with our interaction with the world. (not influenced by genetics)

Question 3

What is Behaviour Genetics?

Answer 3

Studies how heredity and environment contribute to human differences (predicting human diversity)

Question 4

What is meant by temperament?

Answer 4

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Emotionally intense preschoolers tend to become relatively intense young adults (Larsen & Diener, 1987). One study of 1037 New Zealanders found that a 45-minute assessment of 3-year-olds’ frustration tolerance, impulsivity, and intelligence could predict “with considerable accuracy” which of them would, by age 38, consume the most welfare benefits, parent then abandon the most children, and commit the most crime (Caspi et al., 2016).

Question 5

DNA:

Gene?
Chromosome?
DNA?
Genome?

Answer 5

1.DNA fragments, directing the protein synthesis.
2. The part that has the DNA strand wrapped/coiled around the . In the nucleus, each cell has 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent)
3. Complete instructions for making organisms(genome)

Only 0.01% needs to be different for a crime scene finding to reject your DNA!

Question 6

If nature (genetics) was the sole contributor to intelligence?

If nurture (environment) was the sole contribitor to intelligence?

Answer 6

1. We would expect a 100% positive correlation for identical twins raised together and apart because genetics contributed only. Lower for fraternals.
2. We would expect a 100% positive correlation for identical and fraternal twins raised together because they had the same environment. Identical twins raised apart would have no correlation because they weren’t in the same environment.

Question 7

The Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart:

Answer 7

• showed remarkable similarities
• same nervous habits, same gait, same practical jokeser personality, same hobbies
• BUT, could be coincidental or they could have met up earlier than stated and influenced each other. Environments may be similar, too.

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Molecular Genetics?

Answer 9

-study of the molecular structure and function of genes
-identify genes that put people at risk
-will people ‘screen’ their children for various traits

Question 10

Heritibility?

Answer 10

he proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. (pp. 133, 370)

Heritability refers to how much differences among people are due to genes.

Question 11

What is epigenetics?

Answer 11

• reveals that psychological and social interactions can affect genetics (the genetics of nurture). “above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change). (pp. 133, 555)
• Experiment: Control group received no injections. Experimental group received the methyl-tag injections. Control group remained calm and happy. Experimental group changed rat into anxious rat meaning that genes were able to be change.
• The Dutch Famine: the kids of the kids in the famine were also born smaller in size than normal. Meaning that epigenetics did have a hand in the subsequent generation.
• Intergenerational Trauma: residential schools and their historical trauma –> transmission of trauma-induced symptoms to children. In men who were abused as children, they have higher levels of methylation (prevents genes from being expressed) and suggests that not only the original victim of trauma suffers but also the next generation, too.

Question 12

video Quiz Questions –>

Answer 12

Answer C.

Question 13

What is Evolutionary Psychology?

Answer 13

1. most kids potentially die between 1-5 yrs so choosing the 5yrs who has already survived is better from an evolutionary perspective.
2. a 40 yr old would probably not have further offspring but a 20 yr old would.
3. the mother of the mother knows that the baby is from her daughter, but the mother of the dad may question it.

Using the principles of natural selection, _ attempts to study how behavior and the mind have been shaped over time.

Question 14

Natural Selection?

Answer 14

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (pp. 10, 135)

Question 15

What is Developmental Psychology?

Answer 15

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span; on the other hand, natural selection is concerned with multiple generations.

Question 16

What is meant by culture?

Answer 16

• behaviour, ideas, attitudes, values, traditions shared by a group of people AND transmitted from one generation to another
• each culture has NORMS - standards for acceptable, expected behaviour
• changes can change from time to time and so we are influenced by culture!

Question 17

What is culture shock?

Answer 17

moving from culture to culture, these cultural NORMS and RULES change

Question 18

1. Individualism culture?
2. Collectivism culture?

Answer 18

1. More emphasis on individual goals and self-realisation. ‘I’ identity. Can change reality. Confrontation is acceptable.

“You would have an independent sense of “me,” and an awareness of your unique personal convictions and values. Individualists prioritize personal goals. They define their identity mostly in terms of personal traits. They strive for personal control and individual achievement.
The human need to belong is universal, so individualists do seek out and join groups. But they are less focused on group harmony and doing their duty to the group (Brewer & Chen, 2007). As children, they value a sense of free will (Chernyak et al., 2019). Being more self-contained, individualists move in and out of social groups more easily. They feel relatively free to switch places of worship, change jobs, or even leave their extended families and migrate to a new place. Marriage is often for as long as they both shall love.”

2. More emphasis on the groups goals and fitting into the group as a whole. ‘We’ identity. Adjust to reality. Harmony instead of confrontation is wanted.

“Collectivists are like athletes who take more pleasure in their team’s victory than in their own performance. They find satisfaction in advancing their groups’ interests, even at the expense of personal needs. They preserve group spirit by avoiding direct confrontation, blunt honesty, and uncomfortable topics. They value humility, not self-importance (Bond et al., 2012). They view forgiveness as a way to strengthen group harmony (Joo et al., 2019). Instead of dominating conversations, collectivists hold back and display shyness when meeting strangers “

Both have CONS and PROS

Question 19

What does gender refer to?

Answer 19

Refers to the behavioural characteristics that people associate with boy, girl, man, & woman. Socially constructed norms, roles & expectations that are related to the gender. Expected behaviours, attitudes and traits, too. Kids will learn this by 2 yrs old!

• Gender & Aggression: men > women (physical more than verbal)
• Social Power: men have more power than women, men seen as more dominant, woman more nurturing and caring, men more competant and women are more concerned about social connections
• self-esteem: men have slightly higher scores, on average, than woman.

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

What is gender socialization?
What is gender typing?
What is gender role?
What is gender identity?

Answer 21

1. the process by which we learn the gender roles and norms of our society
2. the process in which we become aware of our gender and adopt values and attributes of our gender
3. a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women. (p. 157). A gender role describes how others expect us to think, feel, and act
4. our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female. (p. 158)

Question 22

2 Theories of learning genders?

Answer 22

1. Social Learning Theory: learned through reinforcement, punishment, and observation.

Ex: dad has a daughter and 2 sons, and the younger son will observe dad praising daughter for wearing dresses, but punish older brother for also wearing a dress.

2. Gender Schemas Theory: learn gender roles and start to pay attention to and remember gender-consistent behaviour

Ex: children shown pictures of men in different uniforms will most likely remember the men dressed in the traditional roles of professions (like a male firefighter) than a man dressed as a nurse, because it doesn’t fit in with their already-learned schemas.

ex: Because he believes that worrying is a feminine trait, 14 yr old George has difficulty perceiving his own fears.

Question 23

What is a social script?

Answer 23

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. (pp. 140, 498)

“our culture’s guide to how people should act in certain situations. By watching and imitating others in their culture, women may learn that sexual encounters with strange men can be dangerous, that casual sex may not offer much sexual pleasure, and that women (more than men) who engage in casual sex face reputational harm (Conley, 2011; Muggleton et al., 2019). This alternative explanation suggests that women are reacting to sexual encounters in socially scripted ways. And men’s reactions may reflect their learned social scripts: “Real men” take advantage of every opportunity to have sex.”

Question 24

What is the selection effect?

Answer 24

adolescents tend to select similar friends and sort themselves into lik-minded groups.

ex. an athletic teen will groups themselves with other athletic groups

Question 25

What is transgender?
What is cisgender?

Answer 25

1. switch from one gender to another
2. Your sex (female) aligns with your identity (female)

Being transgender is not a psychological disorder! It does not cause significant distress or mental disability, so identifying as such does not constitute a mental disorder. The significant problem occurs when they require counselling or hormone therapy or social support to freely express their gender identity and minimize discrimination. Obstacles includes non-acceptance in society, discrimination, and assault and does lead to higher rates of suicide and depression.

Question 26

What is meant by biological sex?
What is meant by intersex?
What is meant by gender fluidity?

Answer 26

1. refers to biological differences between male & females, such as chromosomes, reproductive organs, hormones.
2. refers to bodies that fall outside of the strict male/female binary

Biological sex is NOT the same as gender.

Question 27

How does this fit into the biopsychosocial approach for gender?

Answer 27

1. Biological Influences: sex-related genes, hormones
2. Social-Cultural Influences: parental, pee, cultural
3. Psychological Influences: gender identity and expression

Question 28

behaviour genetics?

Answer 28

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

heredity + environment