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PSYCH Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

no social mobility in what type of system

A

caste system

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2
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

infancy

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3
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

A

early childhood

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4
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

preschool

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5
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

school age

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6
Q

identity vs. role confusion

A

adolescence

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7
Q

intimacy vs. isolation

A

young adulthood

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8
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

middle adulthood

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9
Q

integrity vs. despair

A

maturity (60+)

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10
Q

average IQ

A

100

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11
Q

if IQ is 75, then mental age is…

A

lower than physical age

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12
Q

vivid dreams happen during what stage of sleep

A

REM

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13
Q

what promotes wakefulness? what promotes sleep?

A

cortisol; melatonin

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14
Q

prefrontal cortex and what would be affected by someone in a coma

A

reticular formation

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15
Q

sleep walking

A

somnambulism

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16
Q

awakened and relaxed state

A

alpha waves

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17
Q

awakened and alert state

A

beta waves

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18
Q

stages 1 and 2 of sleep

A

theta waves

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19
Q

stages 3 and 4 of sleep

A

delta waves

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20
Q

mimics wakefulness but person is asleep

A

REM; EEG shows alpha and beta waves

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21
Q

sleep spindles and K complexes shown during this stage on EEG

A

stage 2 of sleep

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22
Q

new memories interfere with recall of old memories

A

retroactive interference

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23
Q

the 3 R’s of retrieval

A

relearning, recall, recognition

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24
Q

a plan/theory

A

schema

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25
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognition:

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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26
Q

stage of cognition that’s from birth-2 yrs; object permanence

A

sensorimotor

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27
Q

putting information in context of one’s own life to make it easier to learn

A

self-reference effect

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28
Q

abuse of this can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

alcohol

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29
Q

stage of cognition that’s from 2-7 yrs; symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

A

preoperational

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30
Q

stage of cognition that’s from 7-11 yrs; object conservation

A

concrete operational

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31
Q

stage of cognition that starts at 11; logical and abstract thinking

A

formal operational

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32
Q

doing math to add a tip uses what memory

A

short term, working memory

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33
Q

making judgements on basis of what easily comes to mind

A

availability heuristic

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34
Q

having trouble sleeping or falling asleep sleep disorder

A

dyssomnias

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35
Q

abnormal stuff that happens during sleep

A

parasomnias

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36
Q

parasomnia examples:

A

night terrors and sleep walking

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37
Q

conscious memory

A

explicit

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38
Q

unconscious memory

A

implicit

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39
Q

type of unconscious memory dealing with learned tasks like riding a bike

A

procedural memory

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40
Q

memory dealing with both facts and events

A

declarative memory

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41
Q

memory dealing with just events, experiences

A

episodic

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42
Q

memory dealing with facts and concepts

A

semantic memory

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43
Q

learning that occurs without a reward, but is later demonstrated when a reward is presented

A

latent learning

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44
Q

an exact amount of time passes b/t each reinforcement; ex. studying for a weekly quiz

A

fixed interval

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45
Q

a varying amount of time passes b/t each reinforcement; ex. checking email

A

variable interval

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46
Q

reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses; ex. getting free drink after 10 drink purchases

A

fixed ratio

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47
Q

reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses; ex. gambling

A

variable ratio

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48
Q

associate an involuntary response and a stimulus; focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors

A

classical conditioning

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49
Q

associate a voluntary behavior and a consequence; involves reinforcement or punishment after a behavior

A

operant conditioning

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50
Q

theory where people learn through observation

A

social cognitive theory

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51
Q

this theory depicts altruistic behavior

A

inclusive fitness theory

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52
Q

the theory that societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern regime of low fertility and low mortality.

A

demographic transition theory

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53
Q

action that limits a person’s or group’s liberty or autonomy and is intended to promote their own good.

A

paternalism

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54
Q

a big difference b/t somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

A

illness anxiety disorder places way more emphasis on the “seriousness” of the symptom; somatic deals with a pain that leads to stress exacerbating the pain

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55
Q

a person regularly socializes w/ and compliments his/her boss, but is interested in having the boss removed and taking the position (ex. of what)

A

front stage self and back stage self (dramaturgical model)

56
Q

two opposite-sex parents and their children

A

nuclear family

57
Q

what percentage increase would be noticeably different according to weber

A

10%

58
Q

this approach states a psychiatrist treats her patient by focusing on what’s occurring biologically

A

biomedical approach

59
Q

the school of thought characterized by the idea that objects generally have little inherent value and it is society which ascribes value to objects

A

social constructionism

60
Q

human cognition is affected by language; better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name

A

linguistic relativity

61
Q

a patient is selectively forgetting distracting elements of his/her life, which indicates what disorder

A

dissociative

62
Q

assumes that opportunity is based on a combination of talent and effort

A

meritocracy

63
Q

relates social class and health; higher up, better health

A

socioeconomic gradient of health

64
Q

organized clusters of knowledge

A

schemas

65
Q

deals with class-based conflicts of society rather than race based

A

conflict theorist

66
Q

benefits provided by social networks

A

social capital

67
Q

when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions, but blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our character

A

self-serving bias

68
Q

dependent variable of a study of polarization would be what

A

attitude toward a topic; b/s group polarization affects attitude

69
Q

when a response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of what

A

negative reinforcement

70
Q

explaining behavior through self-concept and incongruence is consistent with what perspective

A

humanistic

71
Q

changes in brain size as a function of environmental influences is an example of what

A

neural plasticity

72
Q

persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to increase in signal transmission

A

long term potentiation

73
Q

shows brain activity under certain states

A

EEG

74
Q

shows brain processes; uses glucose

A

PET scan

75
Q

shows images of brain structure and tissue

A

CT and MRI

76
Q

a researcher changes the hue after infant stops responding to the original stimulus

A

habituation

77
Q

high or low dopamine in a patient with parkinsons disease

A

low dopamine; so even lower dopamine would increase symptoms

78
Q

this stimulus has control over behavior because the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past

A

discriminative stimulus

79
Q

this approach says that actual outcomes determine behavior, not cognitions regarding potential outcomes

A

traditional behaviorist approach

80
Q

any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself

A

extrinsic motivation

81
Q

a subtype of extrinsic motivation that is described as social pressure

A

external motivation

82
Q

refers to gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self

A

incongruence

83
Q

the desire to reach one’s goals creates a drive that individuals are motivated to fulfill

A

autonomous motivation

84
Q

likely explanation for researchers concluding a drug is effective but scientists unable to replicate the findings

A

observer bias

85
Q

detects light rays and converts them into signals for brain to process

A

retina

86
Q

states that a male in a female-dominated industry will be promoted more quickly than his female counterparts

A

glass escalator concept

87
Q

suggests that people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category; deals with social stigma

A

labeling theory

88
Q

to enhance students’ learning of school norms and peer values

A

socialization

89
Q

if in agreement on something, each group member will express a more extreme opinion than they did initially

A

group polarization

90
Q

takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others

A

maladaptiveness

91
Q

if median age is less than mean age, what does that mean

A

the sample included subjects who were much older than the age of 45

92
Q

what component of an attitude consists of the typical responses made when in presence of attitude object

A

behavioral

93
Q

what component of an attitude consists of an individual’s beliefs about the attitude object

A

cognitive

94
Q

when participants respond to questions about their childhood health history, they are retrieving autobiographical information, which is an important type of what memory

A

episodic

95
Q

applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance

A

overextension

96
Q

retinal height, occlusion, and texture gradient are all examples of what

A

monocular depth cue

97
Q

retinal disparity is an example of what cue (dealing with point of focus)

A

binocular depth cue

98
Q

underuse of available healthcare services for disorders deals with what

A

social stigma (diseases and disorders are likely stigmatized)

99
Q

process in which a social problem comes to be defined as a disease or disorder

A

medicalization

100
Q

auditory hair cells are a type of what receptor

A

mechanoreceptor

101
Q

type of sensor that helps an individual to determine the location of a body part and/or position

A

proprioceptors

102
Q

specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and generate an output

A

chemoreceptors

103
Q

located in hypothalamus and usually detect the change in osmotic pressures

A

osmoreceptors

104
Q

music is an important part of popular culture and this means it is an agent of what

A

socialization

105
Q

stimulus that is registered by the sensory receptors

A

proximal stimulus

106
Q

kohlberg’s stage that deals with obedience and punishment; right vs. wrong

A

pre-conventional stage

107
Q

kohlberg’s stage that deals with law and order; pleasing others

A

conventional stage

108
Q

kohlberg’s stage that deals with doing what is morally right

A

post-conventional stage

109
Q

to operationally define an organism’s motivational state you have to what

A

deprive them of some desirable stimulus

110
Q

if the older age groups are larger on the graph compared to the younger age groups, then what is likely to happen to population

A

a decrease in the size of the population

111
Q

the knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status

A

cultural capital

112
Q

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively (basically benefits of social network)

A

social capital

113
Q

this perspective uses people’s own free will to determine their behavior

A

humanistic perspective

114
Q

experiment that has a distinct control and experimental group

A

experimental

115
Q

experiment that is done over the course of a few years, not days

A

longitudinal

116
Q

making negative generalizations about one ethnicity based upon comparisons to one’s own ethnicity

A

ethnocentrism

117
Q

are females or males usually more discriminated against

A

females

118
Q

the 4 F’s the hypothalamus controls:

A

fight, flight, feed, fornication(sex)

119
Q

a king who chooses from his own sons to rule based on their behavior: meritocracy or aristocracy

A

aristocracy

120
Q

when people engage in the behavior of making dishonest arguments (arguments they themselves do not believe), what happens to their attitudes

A

their attitudes change to match the arguments they are making

121
Q

what happens if someone does not produce endolymph

A

they are deaf in both ears

122
Q

the importance of a given identity being situationally dependent

A

hierarchy of salience

123
Q

physiological responses to stimuli occur almost immediately, and are then attributed with emotional labels; what theory?

A

James-Lange

124
Q

functionalists want to promote what

A

cooperation

125
Q

during demographic transition, are the birth and death rate high or low in the beginning

A

both are high

126
Q

looks at how chronological age, relationships, common life transitions, life events, social change, and human agency shape people’s lives from birth to death.

A

Life Course Approach

127
Q

regulated by PNS and spinal cord, not CNS

A

motor reflex

128
Q

what usually happens based on operant conditioning if reinforcement is withdrawn

A

extinction of target behavior

129
Q

the problem that very often results when survey respondents are allowed to decide entirely for themselves whether or not they want to participate in a survey

A

self-selection bias

130
Q

the phenomenon whereby a person’s or a group’s expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

131
Q

based on unconscious desires

A

psychoanalytic perspective

132
Q

an infant dealing with repetitive sounds

A

primary circular reaction

133
Q

deals with repetitive behaviors and affects their environment

A

secondary circular reaction

134
Q

this graph shows a steady increase but gradually tapers off and appears to approach a max value

A

longitudinal relationship

135
Q

According to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the

A

“I”

136
Q

According to Mead, the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others

A

“me”

MCAT (6 decks)

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