PSYCH Flashcards
1
Q
no social mobility in what type of system
A
caste system
2
Q
Trust vs. Mistrust
A
infancy
3
Q
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
A
early childhood
4
Q
Initiative vs. Guilt
A
preschool
5
Q
industry vs. inferiority
A
school age
6
Q
identity vs. role confusion
A
adolescence
7
Q
intimacy vs. isolation
A
young adulthood
8
Q
generativity vs. stagnation
A
middle adulthood
9
Q
integrity vs. despair
A
maturity (60+)
10
Q
average IQ
A
100
11
Q
if IQ is 75, then mental age is…
A
lower than physical age
12
Q
vivid dreams happen during what stage of sleep
A
REM
13
Q
what promotes wakefulness? what promotes sleep?
A
cortisol; melatonin
14
Q
prefrontal cortex and what would be affected by someone in a coma
A
reticular formation
15
Q
sleep walking
A
somnambulism
16
Q
awakened and relaxed state
A
alpha waves
17
Q
awakened and alert state
A
beta waves
18
Q
stages 1 and 2 of sleep
A
theta waves
19
Q
stages 3 and 4 of sleep
A
delta waves
20
Q
mimics wakefulness but person is asleep
A
REM; EEG shows alpha and beta waves
21
Q
sleep spindles and K complexes shown during this stage on EEG
A
stage 2 of sleep
22
Q
new memories interfere with recall of old memories
A
retroactive interference
23
Q
the 3 R’s of retrieval
A
relearning, recall, recognition
24
Q
a plan/theory
A
schema
25
Piaget's 4 stages of cognition:
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
26
stage of cognition that's from birth-2 yrs; object permanence
sensorimotor
27
putting information in context of one's own life to make it easier to learn
self-reference effect
28
abuse of this can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
alcohol
29
stage of cognition that's from 2-7 yrs; symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
preoperational
30
stage of cognition that's from 7-11 yrs; object conservation
concrete operational
31
stage of cognition that starts at 11; logical and abstract thinking
formal operational
32
doing math to add a tip uses what memory
short term, working memory
33
making judgements on basis of what easily comes to mind
availability heuristic
34
having trouble sleeping or falling asleep sleep disorder
dyssomnias
35
abnormal stuff that happens during sleep
parasomnias
36
parasomnia examples:
night terrors and sleep walking
37
conscious memory
explicit
38
unconscious memory
implicit
39
type of unconscious memory dealing with learned tasks like riding a bike
procedural memory
40
memory dealing with both facts and events
declarative memory
41
memory dealing with just events, experiences
episodic
42
memory dealing with facts and concepts
semantic memory
43
learning that occurs without a reward, but is later demonstrated when a reward is presented
latent learning
44
an exact amount of time passes b/t each reinforcement; ex. studying for a weekly quiz
fixed interval
45
a varying amount of time passes b/t each reinforcement; ex. checking email
variable interval
46
reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses; ex. getting free drink after 10 drink purchases
fixed ratio
47
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses; ex. gambling
variable ratio
48
associate an involuntary response and a stimulus; focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors
classical conditioning
49
associate a voluntary behavior and a consequence; involves reinforcement or punishment after a behavior
operant conditioning
50
theory where people learn through observation
social cognitive theory
51
this theory depicts altruistic behavior
inclusive fitness theory
52
the theory that societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern regime of low fertility and low mortality.
demographic transition theory
53
action that limits a person's or group's liberty or autonomy and is intended to promote their own good.
paternalism
54
a big difference b/t somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder
illness anxiety disorder places way more emphasis on the "seriousness" of the symptom; somatic deals with a pain that leads to stress exacerbating the pain
55
a person regularly socializes w/ and compliments his/her boss, but is interested in having the boss removed and taking the position (ex. of what)
front stage self and back stage self (dramaturgical model)
56
two opposite-sex parents and their children
nuclear family
57
what percentage increase would be noticeably different according to weber
10%
58
this approach states a psychiatrist treats her patient by focusing on what's occurring biologically
biomedical approach
59
the school of thought characterized by the idea that objects generally have little inherent value and it is society which ascribes value to objects
social constructionism
60
human cognition is affected by language; better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name
linguistic relativity
61
a patient is selectively forgetting distracting elements of his/her life, which indicates what disorder
dissociative
62
assumes that opportunity is based on a combination of talent and effort
meritocracy
63
relates social class and health; higher up, better health
socioeconomic gradient of health
64
organized clusters of knowledge
schemas
65
deals with class-based conflicts of society rather than race based
conflict theorist
66
benefits provided by social networks
social capital
67
when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions, but blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our character
self-serving bias
68
dependent variable of a study of polarization would be what
attitude toward a topic; b/s group polarization affects attitude
69
when a response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of what
negative reinforcement
70
explaining behavior through self-concept and incongruence is consistent with what perspective
humanistic
71
changes in brain size as a function of environmental influences is an example of what
neural plasticity
72
persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to increase in signal transmission
long term potentiation
73
shows brain activity under certain states
EEG
74
shows brain processes; uses glucose
PET scan
75
shows images of brain structure and tissue
CT and MRI
76
a researcher changes the hue after infant stops responding to the original stimulus
habituation
77
high or low dopamine in a patient with parkinsons disease
low dopamine; so even lower dopamine would increase symptoms
78
this stimulus has control over behavior because the behavior was reliably reinforced in the presence of that stimulus in the past
discriminative stimulus
79
this approach says that actual outcomes determine behavior, not cognitions regarding potential outcomes
traditional behaviorist approach
80
any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself
extrinsic motivation
81
a subtype of extrinsic motivation that is described as social pressure
external motivation
82
refers to gap between a person's actual self and ideal self
incongruence
83
the desire to reach one's goals creates a drive that individuals are motivated to fulfill
autonomous motivation
84
likely explanation for researchers concluding a drug is effective but scientists unable to replicate the findings
observer bias
85
detects light rays and converts them into signals for brain to process
retina
86
states that a male in a female-dominated industry will be promoted more quickly than his female counterparts
glass escalator concept
87
suggests that people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category; deals with social stigma
labeling theory
88
to enhance students' learning of school norms and peer values
socialization
89
if in agreement on something, each group member will express a more extreme opinion than they did initially
group polarization
90
takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person's life or poses a threat to others
maladaptiveness
91
if median age is less than mean age, what does that mean
the sample included subjects who were much older than the age of 45
92
what component of an attitude consists of the typical responses made when in presence of attitude object
behavioral
93
what component of an attitude consists of an individual's beliefs about the attitude object
cognitive
94
when participants respond to questions about their childhood health history, they are retrieving autobiographical information, which is an important type of what memory
episodic
95
applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance
overextension
96
retinal height, occlusion, and texture gradient are all examples of what
monocular depth cue
97
retinal disparity is an example of what cue (dealing with point of focus)
binocular depth cue
98
underuse of available healthcare services for disorders deals with what
social stigma (diseases and disorders are likely stigmatized)
99
process in which a social problem comes to be defined as a disease or disorder
medicalization
100
auditory hair cells are a type of what receptor
mechanoreceptor
101
type of sensor that helps an individual to determine the location of a body part and/or position
proprioceptors
102
specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and generate an output
chemoreceptors
103
located in hypothalamus and usually detect the change in osmotic pressures
osmoreceptors
104
music is an important part of popular culture and this means it is an agent of what
socialization
105
stimulus that is registered by the sensory receptors
proximal stimulus
106
kohlberg's stage that deals with obedience and punishment; right vs. wrong
pre-conventional stage
107
kohlberg's stage that deals with law and order; pleasing others
conventional stage
108
kohlberg's stage that deals with doing what is morally right
post-conventional stage
109
to operationally define an organism’s motivational state you have to what
deprive them of some desirable stimulus
110
if the older age groups are larger on the graph compared to the younger age groups, then what is likely to happen to population
a decrease in the size of the population
111
the knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status
cultural capital
112
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively (basically benefits of social network)
social capital
113
this perspective uses people's own free will to determine their behavior
humanistic perspective
114
experiment that has a distinct control and experimental group
experimental
115
experiment that is done over the course of a few years, not days
longitudinal
116
making negative generalizations about one ethnicity based upon comparisons to one's own ethnicity
ethnocentrism
117
are females or males usually more discriminated against
females
118
the 4 F's the hypothalamus controls:
fight, flight, feed, fornication(sex)
119
a king who chooses from his own sons to rule based on their behavior: meritocracy or aristocracy
aristocracy
120
when people engage in the behavior of making dishonest arguments (arguments they themselves do not believe), what happens to their attitudes
their attitudes change to match the arguments they are making
121
what happens if someone does not produce endolymph
they are deaf in both ears
122
the importance of a given identity being situationally dependent
hierarchy of salience
123
physiological responses to stimuli occur almost immediately, and are then attributed with emotional labels; what theory?
James-Lange
124
functionalists want to promote what
cooperation
125
during demographic transition, are the birth and death rate high or low in the beginning
both are high
126
looks at how chronological age, relationships, common life transitions, life events, social change, and human agency shape people's lives from birth to death.
Life Course Approach
127
regulated by PNS and spinal cord, not CNS
motor reflex
128
what usually happens based on operant conditioning if reinforcement is withdrawn
extinction of target behavior
129
the problem that very often results when survey respondents are allowed to decide entirely for themselves whether or not they want to participate in a survey
self-selection bias
130
the phenomenon whereby a person's or a group's expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior
self-fulfilling prophecy
131
based on unconscious desires
psychoanalytic perspective
132
an infant dealing with repetitive sounds
primary circular reaction
133
deals with repetitive behaviors and affects their environment
secondary circular reaction
134
this graph shows a steady increase but gradually tapers off and appears to approach a max value
longitudinal relationship
135
According to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the
"I"
136
According to Mead, the part of the self that is formed in interaction with others
"me"
