GEN CHEM Flashcards
1
Q
as much solute that can be dissolved in solution
A
saturated
2
Q
electron potential energy increases or decreases when e- is taken away
A
increases
3
Q
what type of pair differs by only one proton
A
conj. acid/base pairs
4
Q
Keq>1 means
A
products favored
5
Q
more can still be dissolved in a solution
A
unsaturated
6
Q
precipitation occurs in solution
A
supersaturated
7
Q
common ion effect increases or decreases molar solubility
A
decreases
8
Q
lewis acid
A
e- pair acceptor
9
Q
lewis base
A
e- pair donor
10
Q
Brons. Lowry acid
A
proton donor
11
Q
Brons. Lowry base
A
proton acceptor
12
Q
in a conj. pair, the acid form is w/ or without proton
A
w/ proton; basic is without
13
Q
same atoms but differ in connectivity
A
constitutional isomers (structural)
14
Q
same connectivity but differ in rotation of a single bond
A
conformation isomers
15
Q
Formal Charge equation
A
FC= VE-NBE-(1/2)BE
16
Q
same connectivity but arranged differently in space (S and R)
A
stereoisomers
17
Q
order of Newman projections from most stable to least
A
anti-staggered>gauche>eclipse
18
Q
for n chiral centers, there are how many configurations
A
2^n
19
Q
a diastereomer that differs at only 1 chiral center
A
epimer
20
Q
done by separating 2 immiscible liquids (one polar and one nonpolar)
A
liquid-liquid extraction
21
Q
separates 2 liquids if the difference in bp is large
A
simple distillation
22
Q
can separate 2 liquids with small differences in bp and uses fractioning column
A
fractional distillation
23
Q
done under lower pressure and lowers the bp for all liquid components so temp. doesn’t have to go so high
A
vacuum distillation
24
Q
gas part is mobile phase, liquid part is stationary phase coated to inside walls of column; those with greater affinity for stationary phase come out slower
A
gas-liquid chromatography
25
separates based on polarity and charge
chromatography
26
separates pigments in dyes; solvent is the mobile phase and paper is the stationary phase; those with greater affinity to paper stay behind, those with greater affinity to solvent get washed along
paper chromatography
27
instead of paper, you have a plate coated with a specific stationary phase
thin-layer chromatography
28
barely dissolving your compound, then let it recrystallize out of solution, making compound more pure; impurities should remain dissolved in solvent
recrystallization
29
can easily evaporate, meaning lower boiling points
volatile compounds
30
the stronger the intermolecular forces, the ____ the boiling point
higher
31
separates molecules by size; size of pores in column- those that can't fit in, elute faster
size-exclusion chromatography
32
strong acid =
inert conj. base
33
greater atomic radius means what
longer bond b/t two atoms (nucleus to nucleus)
34
if you compress, then volume decreases, what increases?
density
35
1 N =
1 kg*m/s^2
36
of electrons in shell
2n^2
37
of electrons in subshell
4L+2
38
more protons than electrons means positive charge pulls electrons in, which will do what to radius
decrease radius
39
increase intermolecular forces, increase what
boiling point
40
if atom is lacking in electrons by greater number, say lacking by 2 instead of 1, then its ionization energy is
greater b/c holding on tight to those electrons
41
considers arrangement of bonded atoms only
molecular arrangement
42
p< 0.05
statistically significant
43
type I error
false +
44
type II error
false -
45
movement of + charge
current
46
atomic orbital's overall size
n
47
shape of the orbital
l
48
direction of spin
s
49
distinguishes b/t 2 electrons in an atomic subshell
ms
50
conductivity is proportional to what
total concentrations of ions in solution; ex. MgCl2 will dissociate into 3 ions
51
method only used for separations/purifications, NOT used to drive equilibrium rxn
extraction
52
when K< 1, what happens
reactants undergo little ionization and dissociation
53
in a more basic environment than an acid's pKa, say 7.4 and the pKa is 6.4, what form predominates (deprotonated or protonated?)
deprotonated
54
deprotonated conj. pair
base
55
what occurs when dealing with an indicator when the pH of the solution is around pKa of indicator; (so choose indicator with pka near estimated eq. pt. pH)
color change occurs
56
pH at eq. pt. when strong acid is titrated with strong base
pH=7
57
pH at eq. pt. when weak acid is titrated with strong base
pH>7
58
pH at eq. pt. when strong acid is titrated with weak base
pH<7
59
common strong acids:
```
HCl
HBr
HI
H2SO4
HNO3
HClO3
HClO4
```
60
common strong bases:
```
NaOH
KOH
CsOH
Ca(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
```
61
interaction b/t a metal cation and an electron pair donor (lewis acid-base interaction)
coordinate covalent
| electrons shared b/t the two by only one molecule providing them
62
which has smaller bond:
| C-H or O-N
C-H because hydrogen atomic radius tiny compared to other elements
63
minimum energy barrier necessary to be overcome by the reactants on the path to products
activation energy
64
adding or removing a catalyst affects the reaction rates, but NOT what
the position of the equilibrium
65
what cannot be amphoteric species?
STRONG acids or bases
66
intermolecular forces in NH3 gases
dipole-dipole and london dispersion (all molecules exhibit london dispersion)
67
stable to mixing is thermodynamic or kinetic
kinetic
68
mixing to new liposomes or molecules is thermodynamic or kinetic
thermodynamic
69
function of air bubbles and boiling chip in vacuum distillation
prevent superheating
70
color of solutions depends on an ion that has what and is able to absorb more light to move to higher energy orbitals
unfilled orbitals
71
N-H bond is capable of what making it more soluble in water
capable of hydrogen bonding with water
72
when asked to find a quantity of X that was required to reach eq. point in titration, remember "X is titrated with Y"
X is the unknown concentration and Y is the titrant
73
involves using varying volumes of a solution of known concentration with a known volume of solution of unknown concentration
titration
74
if passage says varying amounts of NAG, use what values
the other values given, not the NAG values
75
finding the concentration of an unknown solution when you know the concentration of another solution- use the known to find the unknown
titration
76
acid + base= salt + water is what type of reaction
neutralization
77
temperature at STP
0C or 273K
78
temperature under standard conditions
25C or 298 K
79
rate law=
k[A]^x[B]^y
80
Boyles law
PV=PV
81
Charles law
V/T=V/T
82
gay lussacs law
P/T=P/T
83
pressure, density, temperature, volume, enthalpy, internal energy, free energy, and entropy are all what
state functions
84
standard heat of reaction
heat of products- heat of reactants
85
bond enthalpy equation
bonds broken-bonds formed
86
1 mole of gas at STP=
22.4 L
87
osmotic pressure=
iMRT
88
gas molecules distribute randomly
diffusion
89
gas molecules under pressure go from one compartment to another through small opening
effusion
90
mol/kg
molality
91
image when on opposite side of light source and has solid lines; is it perceived by the eye
real image; but since on opp. side, not perceived by eye
92
binding site is hydrophilic or hydrophobic if a molecule is hydrophobic
hydrophobic; like dissolves like
93
why must reactive side chains of AA's be protected
to prevent unwanted side reactions
94
amino acid sequence is disrupted; what structure is affected
primary
95
what kind of pH will the salt of a weak acid acquire
basic pH
96
The number of equivalence points in a titration curve for a polyprotic acid is equal to what
the number of acidic protons in the acid
97
large Ksp means what
more soluble
98
charge of an electron
-1.6x10^(-19) C
99
why can insoluble molecules (nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipid-soluble) pass readily through lipid bilayer
b/c they dissolve in the nonpolar, hydrophobic portion of bilayer; like dissolves like
100
buffers contain what kind of acids and bases
weak
101
strong acids and bases vs weak acids and bases in terms of conducting electricity
strong conducts strongly; weak conducts weakly
102
Co(II) means gain or loss of electrons
loss of 2 electrons; so atomic number is minus 2 from original
103
what to add to get weaker acids in aqueous layer during extractions
a base
104
purines or pyrimidines always glow
purines
