PHYSICS Flashcards
1
Q
spontaneous reaction:
A
- deltaGprime
+ deltaSprime
Eprime > 0
2
Q
no acceleration (constant speed)=
A
no work done and no power done; no net force
3
Q
what friction is experienced when an object is being rolled:
A
static friction
4
Q
what friction is being experienced when an object is sliding:
A
kinetic friction
5
Q
Work units
A
Joules
or
(N*m)
6
Q
Power units
A
(Watts)
(J/s)
(Fd/s)
(Nm/s)
7
Q
Force units
A
N
8
Q
1 Newton=
A
kg * m/s^2
9
Q
Q>Keq
A
shifts in the reverse direction
10
Q
relationship b/t G and Keq
A
inverse
11
Q
Le Chatilier’s: if you increase temperature, where does the shift occur
A
shifts away from heat
12
Q
Le Chatilier’s: if you increase pressure, where does shift occur
A
shifts away from side with most moles
13
Q
CH4 + 2O2–> CO2 + 2H2O rxn
A
combustion
14
Q
bond disassociation energy equation:
A
bonds broken (gain energy) and bonds formed (energy released); reactants-products (only time you do this)
15
Q
the interval of time required for one-half of the atomic nuclei of a radioactive sample to decay
A
half-life
16
Q
continuity equation
A
Av=Av
17
Q
longer wavelength=
A
lower frequency
18
Q
law of thermodynamics that states 2 bodies in thermal eq. are at same temp.
A
zeroth law
19
Q
law of thermodynamics that states energy is not created nor destroyed, only transferred
A
first law
20
Q
law of thermodynamics that states entropy must increase in a spontaneous process
A
second law
21
Q
law of thermodynamics that states entropy of pure crystalline compound at 0 K is zero
A
third law
22
Q
gas expands:
A
work done by system; losing energy
23
Q
gas compresses:
A
work done on the system; gains energy
24
Q
bonds b/t nucleotides
A
phosphodiester
25
bonds b/t DNA strands
H bonds
26
through what medium does sound travel fastest through
solids
27
one medium to another
refraction
28
speed of light in a vacuum
c=3E8 m/s
29
what happens when an object is black
absorbs all visible light
30
what happens when an object is green
absorbs red light and reflects green light
31
mechanical advantage=
force
32
mechanical efficiency=
work
33
the ability to gain kinetic energy
gravitational potential energy
34
if potential energy is low, KE must be
high
35
most PE is at the bottom or top of path
top
36
energy transferred by movement of fluid (gases, liquids)
convection
37
conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic waves
radiation
38
exchange of kinetic energy b/t particles (touching hot stove)
conduction
39
heat stays the same; compression (internal energy increases); happens so fast
adiabatic (Q=0)
40
temperature stays the same; no change in internal energy; slow process
isothermal (T=0 and U=0)
41
pressure stays the same; slow process
isobaric (P=0)
42
work does not occur; slow process
isochoric/isovolumetric (W=0, V=0)
43
particles moving apart and to stop them from cooling down, gas will absorb heat
isothermal expansion
44
want to heat up b/c particles are closer but show no change in temp.
isothermal compression
45
if the height of water increases, what does it gain
it gains potential energy
46
when you boil water, molecules are separating; what is this process
endothermic b/c energy is stored (maybe isothermal expansion)
47
beta - decay
mass # stays the same; atomic # increases by 1
48
beta + decay
atomic # decreases by 1
49
alpha decay
mass # decreases by 4; atomic # decreases by 2
50
gamma decay
photon emitted
51
positive charges have electric field lines pointing where
outward
52
negative charges have electric field lines pointing where
inward
53
magnetic field thumb rule:
thumb- current
| finger wrap- magnetic field
54
weak bases have what conj acids
weak conj acids and vice versa
55
strong acids have what conj bases
inert and vice versa
56
equivalents really mean..
how many H's in 1 mole of molecule
57
strong acids and strong bases will what in solution
completely dissociate
58
weak acid-strong base titration; ending pH
pH>7
59
strong acid-strong base titration; ending pH
pH=7
60
a wave and is made up of particles
light
61
sq. root of 2
1.4
62
sq. root of 3
1.7
63
Newton's first law
an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a force
64
Newton's second law
F=ma
65
Newton's third law
if body A exerts force on body B, then B will exert and equal but opposite force on A
66
density units
kg/m^3
67
pressure equation and units
P=F/A (N/m^2)
68
bouyancy force
F=density*g*Vsubmerged
69
electric field units
(N/C) or (v/m)
70
electric potential units
(J/C)
71
voltage units
(J/C)
72
current units
(A)= (C/s)
73
resistance units
ohm
74
power dissipated by resistor equation
P=(I^2)R
75
capacitance
C=Q/V
76
the 2 wave formulas:
frequency=1/T
| v=frequency*wavelength
77
intensity units
Watt/m^2
78
regardless of the position of the object, what type of mirror forms only a virtual upright image
convex mirror
79
photoelectric effect
E=hf
| E=hc/wavelength
80
method to determine whether the answer to one's research question will add to the body of scientific knowledge in a practical way and within a reasonable time period
FINER method
| feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant
81
the ability of an instrument to measure a true value
accuracy (validity)
82
the ability of the instrument to read consistently or within a narrow range
precision (reliability)
83
error caused by inaccurate tools in an experiment
systematic error
84
error caused by using too little sample size or some kind of polarity in the data
random error
85
affects the relationship b/t 2 variables
confounding variable
86
study in which subjects are sorted into groups based on differences in risk factors (exposures), and then assessed at various intervals to determine how many subjects in each group had a certain outcome; ex. 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers followed for 20 yrs and counting the number of subjects who develop lung cancer
cohort study
87
this study categorizes patients into different groups at a single point in time
cross-sectional study
88
this study starts by identifying the number of subjects with or without a particular outcome and then look backwards to assess how many subjects in each group had exposure to a particular risk factor
case-control study
89
describe the components of an observed relationship that increase the likelihood of causality in the relationship
Hill's Criteria
90
the exposure(independent) must occur before the outcome (dependent)
temporality
91
as more variability in the outcome variable is explained by variability in the study variable, the relationship is more likely to be causal
strength
92
as the study or independent variable increases, there is a proportional increase in the response
dose-response relationship
93
the relationship is found to be similar in multiple settings
consistency
94
there is a reasonable mechanism for the independent variable to impact the dependent variable supported by existing literature
plausibility
95
if all the other plausible explanations have been eliminated, the remaining explanation is more likely
consideration of alternative explanations
96
if an experiment can be performed, a causal relationship can be determined conclusively
experiment
97
the change in the outcome variable is only produced by an associated change in the independent variable
specificity
98
the new data and hypothesis are consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge
coherence
99
skews the data in one way or the other; a systematic error
bias
100
subjects used for study are not representative of the target population; most prevalent type of bias
selection bias
101
results from educated professional using their knowledge in an inconsistent way; ex. high bp and diabetes more common in obese pop., thus a doctor may screen obese patients at a higher rate than healthy patients
detection bias
102
the behavior of study participants is altered simply b/c they recognize that they are being studied
The Hawthorne Effect (observation bias)
103
research that is calculated using every person in a population
parameter
104
high generalizability have samples that are what of the target population
representative
105
a notable or worthwhile change in health status as a result of an intervention
clinical significance
106
children, prisoners, pregnant women
vulnerable persons
107
if we see the color yellow, it will reflect wavelengths that correspond to yellow light (570-590) and do what to everything else
absorb
108
only occurs when light enters at an angle relative to the normal
refraction
109
if light enters normal to the boundary, what is angle of incidence and refraction
zero
110
potential energy of a spring
1/2kx^2
111
dalton's law of partial pressure
P (gas)= X (gas 1)*P(total)
X(gas 1)= mole ratio of moles gas 1/moles total
112
greater depth=
higher pressure
113
measures amps (current)
ammeter
114
putting energy in to reverse electrochemical process is what
recharging
115
what maintains the electric neutrality of galvanic cell by movement of ions
salt bridge
116
the time it takes from the start of one wavelength to the start of another (includes its on and off stage)
period
117
what property of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates
frequency
118
a system where energy is exchanged but not matter
closed system
119
electric potential is measured in what
volts
120
1 volt=
1 J/1 C
121
electric potential energy is measured in what
joules (J)
122
electric potential difference (change in electric potential) is what
voltage
123
when voltage is zero, what equation can you set up
IR=IR
124
equation for pipe that is open at one end:
n (wavelength)=4L (n= 1, 3, 5)
125
equation for pipe that is open at both ends:
n (wavelength)= 2L (n=1, 2, 3)
126
where do electric field lines always point
away from positive and towards negative charge
