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MCAT > PHYSICS > Flashcards

PHYSICS Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

spontaneous reaction:

A
  • deltaGprime
    + deltaSprime
    Eprime > 0
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2
Q

no acceleration (constant speed)=

A

no work done and no power done; no net force

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3
Q

what friction is experienced when an object is being rolled:

A

static friction

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4
Q

what friction is being experienced when an object is sliding:

A

kinetic friction

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5
Q

Work units

A

Joules
or
(N*m)

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6
Q

Power units

A

(Watts)
(J/s)
(Fd/s)
(Nm/s)

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7
Q

Force units

A

N

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8
Q

1 Newton=

A

kg * m/s^2

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9
Q

Q>Keq

A

shifts in the reverse direction

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10
Q

relationship b/t G and Keq

A

inverse

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11
Q

Le Chatilier’s: if you increase temperature, where does the shift occur

A

shifts away from heat

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12
Q

Le Chatilier’s: if you increase pressure, where does shift occur

A

shifts away from side with most moles

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13
Q

CH4 + 2O2–> CO2 + 2H2O rxn

A

combustion

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14
Q

bond disassociation energy equation:

A

bonds broken (gain energy) and bonds formed (energy released); reactants-products (only time you do this)

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15
Q

the interval of time required for one-half of the atomic nuclei of a radioactive sample to decay

A

half-life

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16
Q

continuity equation

A

Av=Av

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17
Q

longer wavelength=

A

lower frequency

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18
Q

law of thermodynamics that states 2 bodies in thermal eq. are at same temp.

A

zeroth law

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19
Q

law of thermodynamics that states energy is not created nor destroyed, only transferred

A

first law

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20
Q

law of thermodynamics that states entropy must increase in a spontaneous process

A

second law

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21
Q

law of thermodynamics that states entropy of pure crystalline compound at 0 K is zero

A

third law

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22
Q

gas expands:

A

work done by system; losing energy

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23
Q

gas compresses:

A

work done on the system; gains energy

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24
Q

bonds b/t nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

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25
Q

bonds b/t DNA strands

A

H bonds

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26
Q

through what medium does sound travel fastest through

A

solids

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27
Q

one medium to another

A

refraction

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28
Q

speed of light in a vacuum

A

c=3E8 m/s

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29
Q

what happens when an object is black

A

absorbs all visible light

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30
Q

what happens when an object is green

A

absorbs red light and reflects green light

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31
Q

mechanical advantage=

A

force

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32
Q

mechanical efficiency=

A

work

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33
Q

the ability to gain kinetic energy

A

gravitational potential energy

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34
Q

if potential energy is low, KE must be

A

high

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35
Q

most PE is at the bottom or top of path

A

top

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36
Q

energy transferred by movement of fluid (gases, liquids)

A

convection

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37
Q

conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic waves

A

radiation

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38
Q

exchange of kinetic energy b/t particles (touching hot stove)

A

conduction

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39
Q

heat stays the same; compression (internal energy increases); happens so fast

A

adiabatic (Q=0)

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40
Q

temperature stays the same; no change in internal energy; slow process

A

isothermal (T=0 and U=0)

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41
Q

pressure stays the same; slow process

A

isobaric (P=0)

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42
Q

work does not occur; slow process

A

isochoric/isovolumetric (W=0, V=0)

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43
Q

particles moving apart and to stop them from cooling down, gas will absorb heat

A

isothermal expansion

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44
Q

want to heat up b/c particles are closer but show no change in temp.

A

isothermal compression

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45
Q

if the height of water increases, what does it gain

A

it gains potential energy

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46
Q

when you boil water, molecules are separating; what is this process

A

endothermic b/c energy is stored (maybe isothermal expansion)

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47
Q

beta - decay

A

mass # stays the same; atomic # increases by 1

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48
Q

beta + decay

A

atomic # decreases by 1

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49
Q

alpha decay

A

mass # decreases by 4; atomic # decreases by 2

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50
Q

gamma decay

A

photon emitted

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51
Q

positive charges have electric field lines pointing where

A

outward

52
Q

negative charges have electric field lines pointing where

A

inward

53
Q

magnetic field thumb rule:

A

thumb- current

finger wrap- magnetic field

54
Q

weak bases have what conj acids

A

weak conj acids and vice versa

55
Q

strong acids have what conj bases

A

inert and vice versa

56
Q

equivalents really mean..

A

how many H’s in 1 mole of molecule

57
Q

strong acids and strong bases will what in solution

A

completely dissociate

58
Q

weak acid-strong base titration; ending pH

A

pH>7

59
Q

strong acid-strong base titration; ending pH

A

pH=7

60
Q

a wave and is made up of particles

A

light

61
Q

sq. root of 2

A

1.4

62
Q

sq. root of 3

A

1.7

63
Q

Newton’s first law

A

an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by a force

64
Q

Newton’s second law

A

F=ma

65
Q

Newton’s third law

A

if body A exerts force on body B, then B will exert and equal but opposite force on A

66
Q

density units

A

kg/m^3

67
Q

pressure equation and units

A

P=F/A (N/m^2)

68
Q

bouyancy force

A

F=densitygVsubmerged

69
Q

electric field units

A

(N/C) or (v/m)

70
Q

electric potential units

A

(J/C)

71
Q

voltage units

A

(J/C)

72
Q

current units

A

(A)= (C/s)

73
Q

resistance units

A

ohm

74
Q

power dissipated by resistor equation

A

P=(I^2)R

75
Q

capacitance

A

C=Q/V

76
Q

the 2 wave formulas:

A

frequency=1/T

v=frequency*wavelength

77
Q

intensity units

A

Watt/m^2

78
Q

regardless of the position of the object, what type of mirror forms only a virtual upright image

A

convex mirror

79
Q

photoelectric effect

A

E=hf

E=hc/wavelength

80
Q

method to determine whether the answer to one’s research question will add to the body of scientific knowledge in a practical way and within a reasonable time period

A

FINER method

feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant

81
Q

the ability of an instrument to measure a true value

A

accuracy (validity)

82
Q

the ability of the instrument to read consistently or within a narrow range

A

precision (reliability)

83
Q

error caused by inaccurate tools in an experiment

A

systematic error

84
Q

error caused by using too little sample size or some kind of polarity in the data

A

random error

85
Q

affects the relationship b/t 2 variables

A

confounding variable

86
Q

study in which subjects are sorted into groups based on differences in risk factors (exposures), and then assessed at various intervals to determine how many subjects in each group had a certain outcome; ex. 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers followed for 20 yrs and counting the number of subjects who develop lung cancer

A

cohort study

87
Q

this study categorizes patients into different groups at a single point in time

A

cross-sectional study

88
Q

this study starts by identifying the number of subjects with or without a particular outcome and then look backwards to assess how many subjects in each group had exposure to a particular risk factor

A

case-control study

89
Q

describe the components of an observed relationship that increase the likelihood of causality in the relationship

A

Hill’s Criteria

90
Q

the exposure(independent) must occur before the outcome (dependent)

A

temporality

91
Q

as more variability in the outcome variable is explained by variability in the study variable, the relationship is more likely to be causal

A

strength

92
Q

as the study or independent variable increases, there is a proportional increase in the response

A

dose-response relationship

93
Q

the relationship is found to be similar in multiple settings

A

consistency

94
Q

there is a reasonable mechanism for the independent variable to impact the dependent variable supported by existing literature

A

plausibility

95
Q

if all the other plausible explanations have been eliminated, the remaining explanation is more likely

A

consideration of alternative explanations

96
Q

if an experiment can be performed, a causal relationship can be determined conclusively

A

experiment

97
Q

the change in the outcome variable is only produced by an associated change in the independent variable

A

specificity

98
Q

the new data and hypothesis are consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge

A

coherence

99
Q

skews the data in one way or the other; a systematic error

A

bias

100
Q

subjects used for study are not representative of the target population; most prevalent type of bias

A

selection bias

101
Q

results from educated professional using their knowledge in an inconsistent way; ex. high bp and diabetes more common in obese pop., thus a doctor may screen obese patients at a higher rate than healthy patients

A

detection bias

102
Q

the behavior of study participants is altered simply b/c they recognize that they are being studied

A

The Hawthorne Effect (observation bias)

103
Q

research that is calculated using every person in a population

A

parameter

104
Q

high generalizability have samples that are what of the target population

A

representative

105
Q

a notable or worthwhile change in health status as a result of an intervention

A

clinical significance

106
Q

children, prisoners, pregnant women

A

vulnerable persons

107
Q

if we see the color yellow, it will reflect wavelengths that correspond to yellow light (570-590) and do what to everything else

A

absorb

108
Q

only occurs when light enters at an angle relative to the normal

A

refraction

109
Q

if light enters normal to the boundary, what is angle of incidence and refraction

A

zero

110
Q

potential energy of a spring

A

1/2kx^2

111
Q

dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

P (gas)= X (gas 1)*P(total)

X(gas 1)= mole ratio of moles gas 1/moles total

112
Q

greater depth=

A

higher pressure

113
Q

measures amps (current)

A

ammeter

114
Q

putting energy in to reverse electrochemical process is what

A

recharging

115
Q

what maintains the electric neutrality of galvanic cell by movement of ions

A

salt bridge

116
Q

the time it takes from the start of one wavelength to the start of another (includes its on and off stage)

A

period

117
Q

what property of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates

A

frequency

118
Q

a system where energy is exchanged but not matter

A

closed system

119
Q

electric potential is measured in what

A

volts

120
Q

1 volt=

A

1 J/1 C

121
Q

electric potential energy is measured in what

A

joules (J)

122
Q

electric potential difference (change in electric potential) is what

A

voltage

123
Q

when voltage is zero, what equation can you set up

A

IR=IR

124
Q

equation for pipe that is open at one end:

A

n (wavelength)=4L (n= 1, 3, 5)

125
Q

equation for pipe that is open at both ends:

A

n (wavelength)= 2L (n=1, 2, 3)

126
Q

where do electric field lines always point

A

away from positive and towards negative charge

MCAT (6 decks)

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