Psych 100: Ch 6.2

Question 0

Reinforcement

Answer 0

The process of increasing the future probability of the most recent response

Question 1

Learning Curve

Answer 1

A graph of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning

Question 2

Law of Effect

Answer 2

Thorndike’s theory that of several responses made to the same situation, those that are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur

Question 3

Operant Conditioning

or instrumental conditioning

Answer 3

Process of changing behavior by providing reinforcement or punishment after a response

Question 4

Visceral Responses

Answer 4

Responses of the internal organs

Question 5

Skeletal Responses

Answer 5

Movements of leg muscles, arm muscles, etc.

Question 6

Disequilibrium Principle

Answer 6

Anything that prevents an activity produces disequilibrium, and an opportunity to return to equilibrium will be reinforcing

Question 7

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 7

Unconditioned reinforcers

Question 8

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 8

Conditioned reinforcers

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

Decreases the probability of a response

Question 10

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 10

Something pleasing or good is presented (or happens) as a consequence of performing the behavior
- Presenting something (such as food)
(Reinforcements always increase the probability of behavior)

Question 11

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 11

Something aversive is taken away as a consequence of performing the behavior
- Avoiding something (such a pain)
(Reinforcements always increase the probability of behavior)

Question 12

Extinction

in operant conditioning

Answer 12

Occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements

Question 13

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 13

The more similar a stimulus is to the original reinforced stimulus, the more likely is the same response

Question 14

Positive Punishment

Answer 14

Something bad is presented (or happens) as a consequence of performing that behavior
(Punishment always decreases that probability of some behavior)

Question 15

Negative Punishment

Answer 15

Something pleasing or good is taken away as a consequence of performing that behavior
(Punishment always decreases the probability of some behavior)

Question 16

Discrimination

in operant conditioning

Answer 16

If reinforcement occurs for responding to one stimulus and not another

Question 17

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 17

A stimulus that indicates which response is appropriate or inappropriate

Question 18

Stimulus Control

Answer 18

The ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others

Question 19

Shaping

Answer 19

Establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it

Question 20

Chaining

Answer 20

Reinforcing each one with the opportunity to engage in the next one

Question 21

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 21

Provide reinforcement for every correct response

Question 22

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 22

Reinforcement for some responses and not for others

Question 23

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 23

Rules for the delivery of reinforcement

Question 24

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Answer 24

Provides reinforcement only after a certain (fixed) number of correct responses

Question 25

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Answer 25

Reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses

Question 26

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 26

Provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval

Question 27

Variable-Interval Schedule

Answer 27

Reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time

Question 28

Applied Behavior Analysis

or behavior modification

Answer 28

Psychologist removes reinforcement for unwanted behaviors and provides reinforcement for more acceptable behaviors

Question 29

Reinforcement

Answer 29

Process of increasing the future probability of the most recent response

Question 30

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 30

Event that is reinforcing because of its own properties