PSYC18 Reporter 3 Flashcards
a mental process involving the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
The capacity to retain information over time.
Memory
TYPES OF MEMORY
Sensory Memory
- Iconic memory
- Echoic Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
- Procedural Memory
- Declarative Memory
* Sematic Memory
* Episodic Memory
Type of Memory that acts as a repository for incoming sensory information. Raw, unanalyzed data that are derived from the senses are held here very briefly.
Sensory Memory
Forms of Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Form of Sensory Memory: It is a visual sensory memory. Has a very short duration; it lasts only about 250 to 300 milliseconds (Averbach & Sperling, 1961; Sperling, 1960).
Iconic Memory
Form of Sensory Memory: It is an auditory sensory store.It lasts considerably longer than iconic memory, on the order of several seconds longer (Darwin, Turvey & Crowder, 1972).
Echoic Memory
Type of Memory that acts as a temporary storage for information under active processing. However, the duration of items residing in working memory is much longer than that of items residing in sensory memory.
Short-Term Memory
Type of Memory that is a persistent storage of information for extended periods.
Long-Term Memory
Forms of Long-Term Memory
Procedural Memory
Declarative Memory
Form of Long-Term Memory: It is
memory for skill, is demonstrated by doing, and arises without conscious recall.
Procedural Memory
Form of Long-Term Memory: Contains declarative knowledge. It is memory for facts and events, is demonstrated by speaking, and arises with conscious recall.
Declarative Memory
Types of Declarative Memory (a form of long-term memory)
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
Type of Declarative Memory:
Contains knowledge of facts and general knowledge of the sort learned in school.
Semantic memory
Type of Declarative Memory:
Contains episodes, or personally experienced events, for example, what you did on your birthday last year
Episodic memory
MODELS OF MEMORY
Modal Model
ACT Model
Working Memory Model
The first model to provide a general overview of how information is processed in each of the different memory types
Modal Model
A model by John Anderson (1983,1990), proposes a global model of memory function that is similar to the modal model.
ACT Model
Three Components of ACT Model
Working memory,
Declarative memory, and
Production memory
A detailed model for the components and processes of working memory (Baddeley, 1986; 1992)
Working Memory Model
Components of the Working Memory Model
Executive control system
Articulatory loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Primary unit that initiates and controls ongoing processes (Reasoning, Language comprehension, Information transfer to LTM, Retrieval)
Executive control system
The place where speech and sound-related information are rehearsed. Sometimes called phonological loop.
Articulatory loop
Specialized for the processing of visual information. It is here that visual imagery tasks such as mental rotation or visual search are performed
Visuospatial sketchpad
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TASKS USED TO MEASURE MEMORY
Recall vs Recognition
Explicit Memory vs Implicit Memory
One must produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory
Recall
Types of Recall
Serial Recall
Free Recall
Cued Recall
Type of Recall: One must repeat the items in a list in the exact order in which they heard or read them
Serial Recall
Type of Recall: One must repeat the items in a list in any order in which they can recall
Free Recall
Type of Recall: One is first shown items in pairs, but during recall they are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to recall each mate
Cued Recall
One selects or identifies an item that you have been exposed to previously
Recognition
One must consciously recall particular information. Participants engage in conscious recollection
Explicit Memory
Kindof Explicit Memory:
One must recall facts
Declarative-knowledge tasks
One must draw on information in memory without consciously realizing that you are doing do. Not consciously aware that we are doing so
Implicit Memory
Kind of Implicit Memory: The facilitation of your ability to utilize missing information
Priming effect
Type of Implicit Memory: One must remember learned skills and automatic behaviors, rather than fact
Tasks involving procedural knowledge
EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY
OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS
Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.
MNEMONISTS
it is the experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated
Synesthesia
A significant decrease in the ability to remember information. It can affect short-term memory, working memory, or the ability to recall events.
DEFICIENT MEMORY
A severe loss of explicit memory
AMNESIA
Types of Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
- Infantile Amnesia
A neurological condition that causes people to lose memories of events that happened before the onset of the condition. It can be temporary or permanent.
Retrograde Amnesia
A neurological condition that makes it difficult or impossible to create new memories. The inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event.
Anterograde Amnesia
the inability to recall events that happened in our childhood (Spear, 1979)
Infantile Amnesia
Amnesia victims perform better in _____________ compared to ___________________.
Procedural Knowledge; Declarative Knowledge
________________ is typically impaired in amnesia. _________________ is not.
Explicit memory; Implicit memory
“knowing how” (e.g. driving in a normal situation)
Procedural Knowledge
“knowing that” (e.g. driving with complex accident sequence)
Declarative Knowledge
Disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss (Kensinger & Corkin,
2003)
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Alzheimer is first identified by _________________ in 1907.
Alois Alzheimer
Alzheimer’s leads to an ______
(decrease in size) of the brain; especially in the hippocampus and frontal and temporal brain regions.
atrophy
Progression of alzheimer is ____________, but can be slowed.
irreversible
