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PSYC18 Cognitive Psychology > PSYC18 Lesson 2 > Flashcards

PSYC18 Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

A

SENSATION

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2
Q

Organizing and understanding the incoming sensation information

A

PERCEPTION

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3
Q

Is input about the physical world obtained by our sensory receptors.

A

SENSATION

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4
Q

The process by which the brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations.

A

PERCEPTION

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5
Q

Simple experience that arises from the stimulation of the sense organ.

A

SENSATION

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6
Q

The interpretation of a stimulus- as differentiated from the simple experience of a stimulation.

A

PERCEPTION

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7
Q

the process by which we receive information from the environment. the element involve are the stimulus and receptor.

A

SENSATION

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8
Q

a detectable input from the environment (external stimulus) or from within (internal stimulus).

A

STIMULUS

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9
Q

collects information from the environment.

A

RECEPTOR

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10
Q

Different Stimuli

A
  1. VISUAL- Light waves
  2. AUDITORY- Soundwaves
  3. EQUILIBRATORY-Bodily movements
  4. OLFACTORY- Odors & gaseous substances
  5. GUSTATORY- Liquid substances and food particles
  6. TACTILE - Touch & Pressure, Temperature, Pain
  7. KINESTHETIC- Bodily movement & position
  8. ORGANIC- Physiological drives (hunger, thirst, sex drive)
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11
Q

Light waves

A

VISUAL

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12
Q

Soundwaves

A

AUDITORY

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13
Q

Bodily movements

A

EQUILIBRATORY

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14
Q

Odors; gaseous substances

A

OLFACTORY

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15
Q

Liquid substances and food particles

A

GUSTATORY

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16
Q

Touch; Pressure, Temperature, Pain

A

TACTILE

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17
Q

Bodily movement; position

A

KINESTHETIC

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18
Q

Physiological drives (hunger, thirst, sex drive)

A

ORGANIC

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19
Q

RECEPTORS

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interoceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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20
Q

found in the different sense organs such as eyes (rods and cones), ears (hair cells), tongue (taste buds), etc.

A

Exteroceptors

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21
Q

found in the lining of the internal organs like the respiratory, and digestive genito-urinary

A

Interoceptors

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22
Q

found in the lining of muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Proprioceptors

23
Q

FROM SENSATION TO PERCEPTION WORK:

A
  1. sensory organs absorb energy from a physical stimulus in the environment
  2. sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain
  3. the brain organizes the information and translates it into something meaningful.
24
Q

nerve endings located in the sensory organs.

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

25
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSORY RECEPTORS

A
  1. They are specific - Each receptor is sensitive to a particular type of stimulus.
  2. They adapt - When a stimulus is persistent, the nervous reaction decreases.
  3. Excitability - It is the ability to react to stimuli, relating a stimulus to a specific area of the brain and to a reaction.
  4. They respond to coding - The greater the intensity of the stimulus, the more nerve impulses are sent.
26
Q

EXAMPLES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS

A
  • Skin- Ruffini corpuscles, Krause corpuscles, Vater-Pacini corpuscles skin and Meissner’s corpuscles follow gentle friction, like caresses.
  • Tongue- Taste buds
  • Nose- Olfactory bulb
  • Eyes- Retina
  • Ears- Cochlea, Semicircular canals
27
Q

the process by which the cognitive system constructs an internal representation of the outside world

A

PERCEPTION

28
Q

Characteristics of Perception

A
  1. Limited to sensory discrimintion
  2. Perception is selective and subjective
  3. Perception is constant
  4. Perception has organizing tendencies
29
Q

Sensory Process

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Encoding and Transmission of Sensory Information
  4. Perception
30
Q

the activation of sensory receptors by stimuli such as mechanical stimuli (being bent or squished, for example), chemicals, or temperature.

31
Q

the translation of a sensory signal to an electrical signal in the nervous system.

A

Transduction

32
Q

Four aspects of sensory information are encoded by sensory systems.

A

Encoding and Transmission of Sensory Information

33
Q

What are the four aspects of sensory information are encoded by sensory systems?

A
  1. the type of stimulus,
  2. the location of the stimulus in the receptive field,
  3. the duration of the stimulus, and
  4. the relative intensity of the stimulus.
34
Q

individual’s interpretation of a sensation.

A

Perception

35
Q

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PERCEPTION

A

TOP-DOWN THEORY
BOTTOM-UP THEORY
DIRECT PERCEPTION

36
Q

He introduced the concept of topdown processing. He claimed that perception is constructive.

A

Richard Gregory

37
Q
  • involves making inferences based on context, guessing from experience, and basing one perception on another.
  • perceptions begin with the most general and move toward the more specific.
  • these perceptions are heavily influenced by our expectations and prior knowledge.
  • we are actively applying our previous experiences, knowledge and expectations to correctly identify the misspelled words.
A

TOP-DOWN THEORY

38
Q

Bottom-Up Process

A

Reall-time, data-driven sensory analysis
1. Sensory data brought to retina
2. Data transmitted to visual cortex
3. Data processed to form visual experience.

39
Q

Who introduces the bottom-up theories?

A

Eleanor Jack Gibson

40
Q
  • data-driven theories starting with processing of lowlevel features.
  • starts with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds.
  • suggests that our perceptual experience is based entirely on the sensory stimuli that we piece together using only data that is available from our senses.
A

BOTTOM-UP THEORIES

41
Q

Who introduced Direct Perception?

A

James Jerome Gibson

42
Q
  • Also referred are “Ecological Theory”
  • believes that the array of information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.
  • we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experience and our perception. existing beliefs or higher-level inferential thought processes are not necessary for perception.
A

DIRECT PERCEPTION

43
Q

_______________ alone is sufficient for perception to occur, without additional knowledge or high-level thinking. prior knowledge about the contexts does not lead to our perception of the triangle or the pear.

A

contextual information

44
Q

4 Types of Bottom-Up Theories

A
  1. TEMPLATE THEORIES
  2. PROTOTYPE THEORIES
  3. FEATURE THEORIES
  4. STRUCTURAL-DESCRIPTION THEORY
45
Q
  • _________ theories suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates.
  • They highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize.
  • We recognize a pattern by comparing it with our set of templates.
  • We then choose the exact template that perfectly matches what we observe
A

TEMPLATE THEORIES

46
Q
  • ________ theories are similar to templates in that they symbolise outlines or ideas of what an object should look like, unlike templates which require an exact match.
  • rely on best-guesses when various features are in place.
A

PROTOTYPE THEORIES

47
Q

According to these theories, we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype

A

FEATURE THEORIES

48
Q

this theory states that objects are represented by parts and their spatial relationships, which together form a structural description of an object.

A

STRUCTURAL-DESCRIPTION THEORY

49
Q

Schema driven

50
Q

Data-driven

51
Q

Interprets information based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations

52
Q

Interprets information starting from the sensory information

53
Q

Perceive the whole and then the individual parts

54
Q

Perceive the individual parts and organize them into whole

PSYC18 Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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