PSYC18 Reporter 2 Flashcards
these filter out irrelevant stimuli to enable us to process in depth what is important to us
Attentional Filters
processes where it involves no
conscious control. They are performed without conscious
awareness. Nevertheless, you may be aware that you are performing them. They demand little or no ef ort or even intention.
AUTOMATIC PROCESSES
Characteristics of Controlled Processes
- they are concealed from consciousness.
- they are unintentional.
- they consume few attentional resources.
processes where they are accessible to conscious control and even require it. Such processes are performed serially.
In other words, controlled processes occur sequentially,
one step at a time. Takes a long time to execute.
CONTROLLED PROCESSES
Also known as “Proceduralization,” it is the process by which a task, initially requiring conscious effort, becomes automatic with repeated practice.
AUTOMATIZATION
This Theory states that novel tasks that have not been automatized require more cognitive resources and intelligence than tasks that have become automatic through practice.
Sternberg’s Theory of Triarchic Intelligence
HOW DOES AUTOMATIZATION OCCUR?
progressive practice
individual combined effortful steps are gradually integrated into components and further integrated into a single, efficient operation
progressive practice
this theory suggests that automatization occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli
LOGAN INSTANCE THEORY
this refers to the improvement in performance or skill that occurs with repeated practice or experience.
PRACTICE EFFECT
The rate of learning slows down as the number of learning
increases, until eventually learning peaks at a stable level. Early practice effects are greater than later practice ef ects
Negative Acceleration Pattern
Errors in attention processes are classified into two:
Mistake
Slips
Errors in choosing an objective or in specifying a means of achieving it.
● involve errors in intentional, controlled processes.
Mistakes
Errors in carrying out an intended means for reaching an objective.
● involve errors in automatic processes
Slips
SLIPS ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOMATIC PROCESSES (7)
Capture Errors
Omissions
Perseverations
Description Errors
Data-driven Errors
Loss-of-activation Errors
Associative-activation Errors
Type of Slip: Occur when we intend to deviate from a familiar routine but fail to pay attention and end up following the routine instead.
Capture Errors
Type of Slip: An interruption of a routine activity where one or more steps in the remaining portion of the routine are skipped.
Omissions
Type of Slip:
Type of Slip:
Type of Slip: Incoming sensory information overrides the intended variables in an automatic action sequence.
Data-driven Errors
Type of Slip: The activation of a routine may be insufficient to carry it through to completion
Loss-of-activation Errors
Type of Slip: Strong association may trigger the wrong automatic routine
Associative-activation Errors
(“To Get Used To It”) involves our becoming accustomed to a stimulus so that we gradually pay less attention to it.
Habituation
counterpart of habituation, which a change in a familiar stimulus prompts us to start noticing the stimulus again.
Dishabituation
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HABITUATION
- Internal Variation Within a Stimulus
- Subjective Arousal
- Impaired Habituation
a lessening of attention to a stimulus that is not subject to conscious control.
ADAPTATION
adaptation occurs directly in the ______________, not in the brain
sense organ
Characteristics of Adaptation
- NOT accessible to conscious control
- Tied closely to stimulus intensity
- Unrelated to the number, length, and recency of prior exposures
Characteristics of Habituation
- Accessible to conscious control
- Not tied very closely to stimulus intensity
- Tied very closely to the number, length, and recency of prior exposures
