psyc unit 1 Flashcards
critical thinking
Using reason and evidence to anylyze and decide a logical action or belif
ex: A doctor anylyzes patients situations and which will be treated in which order.
Empiricism
Our source of knowledge is through experience. Touching, smelling: senses
Ex:”Most people like sour candy over sweet candy.” -not true, just your experience
Wilhem Wundt
Father of psyc. First lab and examined cognitive structures.
ex: founder of structuralism
Structialism
study of how simple feelings and experiences form more complex structures
ex: saying a word with different emphasis and tone will give it a diffornet meaning.
Bradford Titchener
he continued Wilhelm ideas, structuralism
ex: structuralism is breaking down mental process into basic components
William James
she created functialism and taught Mary, who was a PHD psychologist. Margrett Wash whom was the 1st women to get a psyc degree.
Introspection
contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct
ex: Anna compmentated weather or not she wanted to wear a dress today.
Mary Calkins
introduced the field of psychology. She believed that the conscious was the main focus of psychology.
Functionalism
Consiouness enables analyze past and plan future.
ex:”Ouch thats hot lets not do that”
Behavioralism
The idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the enviornment. Rewards
Ex: People work to get money and pay off debt, ect
Humanistic psyc
The study of the whole person.
Ex: a therapist studying their new clients needs and what also hasent been met.
Cognitive psyc
The brain making connections from past experiences
ex: I remember that person from middle school
cognitive
problem solving
ex: solving a multi-step algebra question
cognitive neuroscience
discipline to study cognition from the level of cranial nerve, and is an important field of learning science.
ex:perception, selective attention, memory, language, emotion and consciousness.
psychology
the mental and emotional factors in studying a person
ex: setting up and experiment and studying the behaviors of a hangry person.
nature vs. nurture
whether one’s genes (nature) are more or less influential than they way they were raised (nurture)
ex: genetics or experience is the reason a child is blonde
evolutionary psyc
adaptations and mechanisms of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction.
ex: ability to recognize poisonous snakes
behavior genetics
the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors. By examining genetic influence, more information can be gleaned about how the environment operates to affect behavior
ex: depression
culture
These values and concepts are passed on from generation to generation, and they are the basis for everyday behaviors and practices.
ex: holiday traditions
positive psyc
the scientific study of human flourishing, and an applied approach to optimal functioning.
ex: the study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals, communities, and organisations to thrive
biopsycosocial approach
Bio (physiological pathology)
Psycho (thoughts emotions and behaviours such as psychological distress, fear/avoidance beliefs, current coping methods and attribution)
Social (socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural factors suchs as work issues, family circumstances and benefits/economics)
ex: People may start smoking for psycological reasons, such as thinking it makes them less stressed or because of personality traits
behavioral psyc
Behavioral psychology, or behaviorism, is a theory suggesting that environment shapes human behavior
ex: Tim does his homework so his mom doesnt yell at him now.
biological psyc
it focuses on the nervous system, hormones and genetics.
ex: examines the relationship between mind and body, neural mechanisms, and the influence of heredity on behavior.
psychodynamic psycology
studies how unconsious drives and conflicts with influencial behavior
ex: used to treat people with psycological disorders
social cultural
study how situations and culture affects our behavior and thinking
ex: social values and attitudes while doing certain tasks.
testing effect
better memory after processing, rather than just looking at information
ex: someone remembering a book when they process and think about it , rather than just skimming it.
sQR3R
a study method
ex: survey, question, read, retrieve, review
Psychometrics
scientific study of human abilities attitudes and traits
ex: watching how humans interact when angry.
basic research
all science that increases the scientific knowledge base
ex: basing results off of the scientific facts
developmental psychology
the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives.
ex: learning how to walk, rather than just crawling.
development psyc
studies physical cognitive and social change throught life span
ex: how someone interacts with someone throught their development
educational psyc
study of psychological process affect can better teach and learn someone
personality psyc
study of someones characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting
social psycology
study of how we think about and relate to others
applied reaserch
aims to solve practical problems
industrial-organizational psycology
applied concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
human factors psyc
explores how people and machines interact.
ex: how machines and physical enviorments can be made safe and easy to opperate
counseling psyc
assists people in ,
ex: work or school problems
to achive a higher well being
clinical psyc
a brach of psychology that studies and treats people with psyc problems
ex: personality disorder treatments
psychiatry
medicine dealing with psyc disorders
ex: they provide medical treatments and therapy
community psyc
studies how people interact with social enviorments
ex: social insitutions affecting groups of people
hindsight bias
tendency to belive after learning the outcome, that someone could of predicted it
ex: i knew that team was going to win! , no you didnt
theory
an explination using principles that organizes obervations and predicts behaviors or events
operational definition
carefully worded statemtns in procedures used in research study
replication
repeating a research study with difforent participents in difforent situations to see similarities
case study
a one man or group studies in depth, hopes to reveal universal principals
naturalistic observation
recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without stimuli
survey
reported attitudes or behaviors by a certain group by questioning a representative
ex: asking a random sample about their opinions of a drug
sampling bias
flawed sampling that makes the product unrepresetative and untrue
population
all who is being studied, and samples will be drawn from the population
ex: picking a group of students of a population to preform for the play
random sample
a sample that represents a population because each member has the same chance of being in the expireiment
correlation
when two factors vary together and how each predicts eachother
correlation coefficient
a statistical similarity of two things
ex: -1 and +1
variable
anything that can be varied, and is ethical and legal to measure
scatterplot
a cluster of dots that represents two variables and weather they are weak or strong
illusory correlation
percieving a relationship that doesnt exist
ex: thinking your close to someone than you actually are
regression tward the mean
tendency for extreme or unusual scores to regress tword the average
ex: all students getting a F on the test
experiment
the investigator manipulates factors to observe the mental or behavioral process of a sample
experimental group
the group that is exposed to the treatments. a version to the independent variable
control group
the group in the expiremnt that isnt treated and is contrasted to the experimental group.
ex: a conparison for evaluating the effect of a tested drug
random assignment
assigning participants to control conditions by chance which minimizes preexisting difforences between the 2 difforent samples
double blind procedure
where the the research staff and research participants are ignorant about the treatment or placebo.
ex: drug evaluation studies
placebo
a fake outcome, something that effects nothing
ex: pushing the “wait” button will make the traffic signal light come on faster.
independent variable
the factor that is manipulated. the variables effect is being studied
ex: the cause; what the epirementer is changing
confounding variable
a factor other than independent that might have an effect in an experiment
dependent variable
the outcome that might change due to manipulation of the independent.
ex: the expirementer cannot control the outcomel: effect
validity
weather or not a test predicts whats supposed to happen
informed consent
giving participants some info to enable them whather or not they want to participate
debriefing
after the expiriment and the explanation of the study.
ex: purpose to participants
descriptive statistics
number data that measures and describes characteristics of groups.
histogram
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
skeweed distribution
scores that are not summetric around the average value
range
diference between high and low scores in distribution
standard deviation
measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
normal curve
bell shaped curve that describes distribution of physical and psycological attributes. Usually the scores are near average.
ex: Its very rare for someone to land near the extreme high/low range
inferential statistics
number data that can be generlized to infer a true statement about the population
statistical significance
a stats statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance
