PSYC exam #4

Question 1

Choice

Answer 1

a voluntary behavior occuring in a context in which alternative behaviors are available.

Question 2

Matching Law

Answer 2

Rates of responding match the rates of reinforcement. If you have two schedules available, responding will be greater on denser schedules of reinforcement.

Question 3

Stimulus equivalence

Answer 3

Teaching one relationship, and other relationships occurring.

Question 4

What are the four factors that influence choice?

Answer 4

1. Reinforcement vs no consequence
2. Size/quality of reinforcement
3. Response effort
4. Reinforcer delay

Question 5

Reinforcement vs no consequence

Answer 5

If reinforcement is available, that will be chosen. for example, if someone is at the counter at taco bell, you will be more likely to order at the counter rather than at the self-order tablet.

Question 6

Size/Quality of the reinforcer

Answer 6

We often choose the larger, more preferred reinforcer. For example, when choosing where you want to eat, your decision depends on how hungry you are, how much you are willing to spend, and what sounds good to you.

Question 7

Response effort

Answer 7

how much effort is required to obtain a reinforcer, we often choose the least effort option. For example, buying fast food on your way home from work, or deciding to make food at home.

Question 8

Response delay

Answer 8

We often choose the reinforcer will a shorter delay. For example, taking $20 now rather than $50 in a week.

Question 9

Concurrent choices

Answer 9

Two schedules of reinforcement are available at the same time. for the same behavior. For example, The pigeon has two buttons, one FR5 and one FR10 for reinforcement. he will peck FR5 more frequently than FR10 but will still peck FR10 because reinforcement is still being delivered.

Question 10

Impulsive choice

Answer 10

Choosing a smaller, more immediate reinforcer

Question 11

Self-control choice

Answer 11

Choosing a larger, more delayed reinforcer.

Question 12

Self-monitoring

Answer 12

Taking data on your own behavior

Question 13

Behavioral contracts

Answer 13

an agreement with someone else to engage in/not engage in certain behaviors with specific consequences for when the contract is broken.

Question 14

Verbal behavior

Answer 14

behavior that is reinforced or punished through mediation of another persons behavior

Question 15

Mand

Answer 15

The form of a response, is under the functional control of a motivating operation (MO) and is reinforced by the delivery of a special stimulus. Requests, demands, commands, reprimands. (If there’s no MO, it is not a mand)

Question 16

an example of a Mand

Answer 16

A child sees the TV and is bored> child says “I want cartoons”> you turn on the cartoons.

Question 17

Tact

Answer 17

In the form of a response, is under the functional control of a nonverbal discriminative stimulus, and a history of conditioned reinforcement. Labelling or naming

Question 18

an example of a Tact

Answer 18

A child sees a picture of a cartoon> They say “ it’s SpongeBob!”> You say “It sure is!”

Question 19

Echoic

Answer 19

in the form of a vocal response, is under the functional control of a verbal discriminative stimulus and response, and is reinforced by a generalized conditioned reinforcer. Repeating sounds/words/signs and copying text

Question 20

an example of an Echoic

Answer 20

A child hears the TV say “I’m ready”> Child says “I’m ready”> and you say “I’m ready too!”

Question 21

Intraverbal

Answer 21

The form of a response, is under the functional control of a verbal discriminative stimulus. Singing songs, describing activities.

Question 22

an example of Intraverbal

Answer 22

Ask your child “what is your favorite show?”> they say “its adventure time”> and you say “I really like that show!”

Question 23

Symmetrical responding

Answer 23

Relating two arbitrary stimuli as the same. For example, knowing that the spoken word ‘frog’ is the same as an actual frog and a photo of a frog. Both symmetrical responding and stimulus equivalence are needed for a behavior to be considered verbal.

Question 23

Immediate consequences

Answer 23

less than 60 seconds, directly follows behavior and will increase the future likelihood of that response.

Question 24

Delayed consequences

Answer 24

more than 60 seconds, Does not reinforce behavior directly. (But when combined with language, they can influence behavior through rule following)

Question 24

direct action contingencies

Answer 24

Where the outcome of the response is reinforced or punished.

Question 24

Indirect action contingencies

Answer 24

contingency controls the response, but the outcome of the response is to directly reinforce or punish the response.

Question 24

Ineffective contingencies

Answer 24

A contingency that does not control behavior.

Question 24

Pliance

Answer 24

following a rule because of social contingencies. Think compliance; doing something because of someone else.

Question 24

Tracking

Answer 24

following a rule because of what is going on in the environment. Tracking what is going on in the environment. For example, wearing an extra layer because you checked the weather and it is going to be cold that day.

Question 25

A traditional approach to language

Answer 25

A functional understanding of language

Question 26

Skinner’s approach to language

Answer 26

cataloged language by its structure, and focuses on the behavior of the speaker

Question 27

Verbal vs Nonverbal behavior

Answer 27

Verbal behavior is reinforced/punished through the mediation of another person’s behavior, Nonverbal behavior is reinforced/punished through contact with the physical environment.

Question 28

Verbal behavior can be (?), but not all Verbal behavior (?)(?)

Answer 28

vocal, is vocal

Question 29

Form vs Function

Answer 29

Form: What it looks like (topography) for example vocal, sign language, writings, or gestures. Function: why it occurs (for what consequence).

Question 30

Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior

Answer 30

Antecedent controlling stimulus > Verbal response > listener mediated consequence.

Question 31

Antecedent and consequence of the verbal operant Mand

Answer 31

A: Some specific stimulus in the environment and an MO.
C: The specific stimulus influenced by the MO.

Question 32

Antecedent and consequence of the verbal operant Tact

Answer 32

A: Some nonverbal stimulus in the environment.
C: Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Question 33

Antecedent and consequence of the verbal operant Echoic

Answer 33

A: Some verbal stimulus in the environment.
C: Generalized conditioned reinforcer.

Question 34

Antecedent and consequence of the verbal operant Intraverbal

Answer 34

A: Some verbal stimulus in the environment.
C: Generalized conditioned reinforcer.

Question 35

What can Rule Governed behavior do?

Answer 35

-occasion behavior
-expedite responding
-alter MOs
specify the consequence of that behavior.

Question 36

Rule Governed behavior vs Contingency shaped behavior

Answer 36

Rule governed
-Behavior is controlled by verbal statements. For example, Study for your exam so you get a passing grade.
Contingency shaped
- Behavior learned by direct experience with contingencies (reinforcers/punishers) for example, for every 30 minutes of studying, you get 5 minutes of phone time.

Question 37

The functionality of Rule Governed behavior

Answer 37

-This behavior allows us to engage in behavior to avoid aversive events without having to directly experience the contingencies.
-avoid pain and social consequences

Question 38

What is the main goal of the ACT

Answer 38

To encourage clients to act toward their values/ behave towards their values.