Psy module 7 Flashcards
Stimulus control
stimulus-controlled behavior is so “normal” that we take it for granted. only when we see behavior happening without regard to antecedent stimuli do we realize their impact on every day behavior.
Stimulus control
stimulus-controlled behavior is so “normal” that we take it for granted. only when we see behavior happening without regard to antecedent stimuli do we realize their impact on everyday behavior.
The discriminative stimulus (Sd)
an antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the Sd is present, that response will be reinforced.
Example of Sd in the real world
McDonald’s employee says “may I take your order?” (A), you say “I’ll have a Big Mac” (B), then you get the Big Mac (C)
Ess-Delta (S^)
An antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^ is present, that response will NOT be reinforced.
Example of S^ in the real world
A vending machine has a sign that says “out of order”(A), yoy put your money in anyways (B), bag of chips does not come out (C). The S^ is the out of order sign because it is signaling that you are not getting what you want.
Discrimination training
How we get stimulus control, it involves reinforcing a response of a discriminative stimulus (Sd), and extinguishing a response in the presence of an Ess-delta (S^)
What is the difference between Stimulus discrimination & Differential reinforcement?
Stimulus discrimination
-two stimuli, stimuli vary, one response class.
Differential reinforcement
-one stimulus, stimulus stays consistent, two response classes
Stimulus Generalization
When stimuli that share similar physical properties with the Sd acquire stimulus control over the behavior
Faulty stimulus control
Occurs when a behavior comes under the control of an irrelevant or random stimulus.
Why is it important to eliminate faulty stimulus control?
Because if a random stimulus exerts stimulus control over the behavior, when the stimulus is removed, the behavior will no longer occur.
Prompts
Help to increase the likelihood of a correct response and decrease errors made.
What are the two types of prompts?
Stimulus and response prompts
Stimulus prompts
Temporary change in stimuli to help increase the likelihood of a correct response.
Response prompts
Supplementary antecedent stimuli used to help increase the likelihood that of a correct response in the presence of that Sd that will eventually control that response.
Within-stimulus prompts
Changing how salient the stimulus is. For example, bigger or smaller, brighter or darker, louder or softer.
Extra-stimulus prompts
Adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood that discrimination occurs. For example, picture prompts, adding a line of food pellets to show a rat where to go.
Response prompts, most to lease intrusive.
Physical, modeling, visual, gestural, verbal.
Stimulus fading
Changing of the antecedent stimulus, as the response stays the same. Highlight a physical dimension of a stimulus is gradually faded over time.
What are the procedure of stimulus fading?
Identify the behavior you want to train, determine how you will keep data, measure baseline to compare later, identify how and what you will change/fade, identify a clear terminal stimulus, outline your steps from initial stimulus to the terminal stimulus, identify any prompting procedures you will use, outline criteria to increase/decrease fading steps.
Stimulus fading guidelines to follow
-Don’t fade too quickly
-emphasize critical aspects of a stimulus, which may help transfer of stimulus control.
-fading on multiple manipulations may happen simultaneously or consecutively
Response fading
Identify your Sd, determine the least intrusive prompt to start with, identify and outlive any prompting procedures you use, outline criteria to increase/decrease fading steps.
Natural Antecedents
-time of day/week/month
-sights, sounds, smells, touch associated with right or wrong performance or conditions
Contrived antecedents
Signs, memos, instructions, job aids, policies/procedures, training, programmed lights/sounds.
Antecedent is the (?) variable
Controlling
Consequence is the (?) variable
Maintaining
