psyc 332 ch 9

Question 1

Carryover effects

Answer 1

Changes in the scores observed in one treatment condition that are caused by the lingering after effects of a specific earlier treatment condition

Question 2

Complete counterbalancing

Answer 2

In withinsubjects designs using a separate group of participants for every possible order of the treatment conditions With n different treatment conditions there are n factorial different orders

Question 3

Contrast effect

Answer 3

An example of a carryover effect in which the perception of a treatment condition is influenced by its contrast with the previous treatment

Question 4

Counter balancing

Answer 4

In a withinsubjects design a procedure to minimize threats from order effects and timerelated factors by changing the order in which treatment conditions are administered from one participant to another so that the treatment conditions are matched with respect to time The goal is to use every possible order of treatments with an equal number of individuals participating in each sequence

Question 5

Fatigue

Answer 5

A threat to internal validity that occurs when prior participation in a treatment condition or measurement procedure tires the participants and influences their performance on subsequent measurements; an example of a testing effect or an order effect

Question 6

History

Answer 6

A threat to internal validity from any outside event that influences the participants scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment

Question 7

Instrumentation

Answer 7

A threat to internal validity from changes in the measurement instrument that occur during the time a research study is being conducted Also known as instrumental bias or instrumental decay

Question 8

Latin square

Answer 8

An n _ n matrix in which each of n different items appears exactly once in each column and exactly once in each row Used to identify sequences of treatment conditions for partial counterbalancing

Question 9

Matched subjects design

Answer 9

A research design comparing separate groups of individuals in which each individual in one group is matched with a participant in each of the other groups The matching is done so that the matched individuals are equivalent with respect to a variable that the researcher considers to be relevant to the study

Question 10

Maturation

Answer 10

A threat to internal validity from any physiological or psychological changes that occur in a participant during the time that research study is being conducted and that can influence the participants scores

Question 11

Order effects

Answer 11

Whenever individuals participate in a series of treatment conditions and experience a series of measurements their behavior or performance at any point in the series may be influenced by experience that occurred earlier in the sequence Order effects include carryover effects and progressive error Also known as testing effects

Question 12

Partial counterbalancing

Answer 12

A system of counterbalancing that ensures that each treatment condition occurs first for one group of participants second for one group third for one group and so on but does not require that every possible order of treatment conditions be used

Question 13

Participant attrition

Answer 13

The loss of participants that occurs during the course of a research study conducted over time Attrition can be a threat to internal validity Also known as participant mortality

Question 14

Practice

Answer 14

A threat to internal validity that occurs when prior participation in a treatment condition or measurement procedure provides participants with additional skills that influence their performance on subsequent measurements An example of a testing effect or an order effect

Question 15

Progressive error

Answer 15

In a research study changes in the scores observed in one treatment condition that are related to general experience in a research study over time but not to a specific treatment or treatments Common kinds of progressive error are practice effects and fatigue

Question 16

Repeated measures design

Answer 16

See withinsubjects design

Question 17

Repeated measures experimental design

Answer 17

An experimental design in which the same group of individuals participates in all of the different treatment conditions See withinsubjects experimental design

Question 18

Statistical regression

Answer 18

A statistical phenomenon in which extreme scores high or low on a first measurement tend to be less extreme on a second measurement considered a threat to internal validity because changes in participants scores could be caused by regression rather than by the treatments Also known as regression toward the mean

Question 19

Testing effects

Answer 19

A threat to internal validity that occurs when participants are exposed to more than one treatment and their responses are affected by participation in an earlier treatment Examples of testing effects include fatigue and practice Also known as order effects

Question 20

Withinsubjects design

Answer 20

A research design in which the different groups of scores are all obtained from the same group of participants Also known as repeatedmeasures design

Question 21

Within subjects experimental design

Answer 21

An experimental design in which the same group of individuals participates in all of the different treatment conditions Also known as a repeatedmeasures experimental design