psyc 332 ch 10 rev Flashcards
A threat to internal validity that occurs when the process used to assign different participants to different treatments produces groups of individuals with noticeably different characteristics
Assignment bias
Differences between age groups that are caused by characteristics or experiences other than age Also called generation effect
Cohort effects
Individuals who were born at roughly the same time and grew up under similar circumstances
Cohorts
A developmental design comparing different groups of individuals each group representing a different age
Crosssectional developmental research design
In an experiment the variable that is observed for changes to assess the effects of manipulating the independent variable In nonexperiments and quasi experiments the dependent variable is the variable that is measured to obtain the scores within each group The dependent variable is typically a behavior or a response measured in each treatment condition
Dependent variable
Nonexperimental research designs used to examine the relationship between age and other variables
Developmental research designs
In a research study timerelated threats to internal validity that affect the groups differently For example differential history effects differential instrumentation effects differential maturation differential testing and differential regression
Differential effects
A nonexperimental research design that compares preexisting groups rather than randomly assigning individuals to groups Usually the groups are defined by a participant characteristic such as gender race or personality
Differential research design
Differences between age groups that are caused by characteristics or experiences other than age See cohort effects
Generation effects
A threat to internal validity from any outside event that influences the participants scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment
History
A threat to internal validity from changes in the measurement instrument that occur during the time a research study is being conducted Also known as instrumental bias or instrumental decay
Instrumentation
A quasi experimental research design consisting of a series of observations before and after an event The event is not a treatment or an experience created or manipulated by the researcher
Interrupted time series design
A developmental research design that examines development by making a series of observations or measurements over time Typically a group of individuals who are all the same age is measured at different points in time
Longitudinal developmental research design
A threat to internal validity from any physiological or psychological changes that occur in a participant during the time that research study is being conducted and that can influence the participants scores
Maturation
A research design in which the researcher does not randomly assign individuals to groups but rather uses preexisting groups with one group serving in the treatment condition and another group serving in the control condition
Nonequivalent control group design