PSYC 110 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
- The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior together constitute: are defined as:
A
motivation
2
Q
- The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan would MOST likely be conducted by a ______ psychologist.
A
developmental
3
Q
- The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are: activation, ______, and intensity.
A
persistence
4
Q
- Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Upton has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a:
A
zygote
5
Q
- Your friend Jen is so motivated to become a nurse that she has decided to attend an accelerated nursing program and work very hard to get through it. You see in her behavior the three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation, which are:
A
activation, persistence, and intensity
6
Q
- Nine months after conception, a baby girl named Tracy is born. The stages of her prenatal development, from first to last, were:
A
germinal, embryonic, fetal
7
Q
- Your brother enthusiastically tells you, with great enthusiasm, that he is determined and has decided to run enter the marathon. To prepare, he has been running every morning in preparation. This initiation or production of behavior associated with motivation is also known as:
A
activation
8
Q
- The embryonic period is:
A
the second period of prenatal development, extending form the third week through the eight week
9
Q
- During your drive to school one morning, you suddenly remember that your psychology paper is due today, and that it is not finished. You feel your heart start to beat fast as you experience fear and anxiety about what to do. You decide to call your psychology professor in his office and explain things. You have just experienced the psychological components of emotion, which are:
A
subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral or expressive component
10
Q
- Henrietta is in the fifth week of her pregnancy, which means that her baby is in the ______ period of prenatal development.
A
embryonic
11
Q
- According to ______ theories, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming.
A
instinct
12
Q
- Pregnant Michelle has begun to feel fuller more quickly when she eats, and she is having more trouble physically getting around. Michelle’s unborn baby has likely entered the third and longest period of prenatal development, called the:
A
fetal period
13
Q
- An instinct theorist would argue that the motivation to engage in certain behaviors is the result of:
A
evolutionary programming
14
Q
- Teratogens are:
A
harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus
15
Q
- ______ theory involves the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
A
Drive
16
Q
- In her research, Dr. Joachim found that a pregnant woman’s use of a certain chemical substance would cause harm to her fetus. That chemical substance would be classified as:
A
a teratogen
17
Q
- It is nearly noon and Jan is very hungry. She takes out her sandwich and eats it until she is no longer hungry. According to ______, Jan’s eating is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
A
drive theory
18
Q
- The final and longest period of prenatal development is called the:
A
Fetal period
19
Q
- You are preparing for midterms when you suddenly realize that you have been in the library for over 6 hours and have not eaten lunch. Psychologists Woodworth and Hull might argue that your sudden motivation to find something to eat is due to ______ theory.
A
drive
20
Q
- Every time Mrs. Thomas touches her baby’s left cheek, the baby turns that cheek toward her mother and opens her mouth. The reflex that is triggered by the mother’s touch is known as the ______ reflex.
A
rooting
21
Q
- In general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium or an optimal internal balance is called:
A
homeostasis
22
Q
- When Mary puts her finger onto her newborn daughter’s mouth, the baby pulls Mary’s finger into her mouth. The baby is demonstrating the ______ reflex.
A
sucking
23
Q
- Carrie, an accountant at a large accounting firm, has been unhappy in her position and has even considered quitting. Then, unexpectedly, she is promoted and given a raise. Carrie now has a renewed interest in her job, which is explained by the ______ theory, which proposes that behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals.
A
incentive
24
Q
- Each time Mrs. Fari puts her finger on her baby’s palms, the baby grasps the finger tightly, a response called the:
A
grasping reflex
25
Q
- The basis of arousal theory is that people find very high levels of arousal ______ and very low levels of arousal ______.
A
unpleasant, unpleasant
26
Q
- The inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way, even as early as birth, is called:
A
temperament
27
Q
- According to the ______ theory of motivation, psychological and cognitive factors are the essential elements in motivation.
A
humanistic
28
Q
- Regarding infant temperament, a child who readily adapts to new experiences, displays positive moods and emotions, and has regular sleeping and eating patterns can be characterized as a(n) ______ baby.
A
easy
29
Q
- The humanistic theories of motivation, championed by psychologists ______ and ______, viewed motivation as arising from the desire to realize one’s highest personal potential.
A
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
30
Q
- Based on their research on infant temperament, Thomas and Chess would characterize babies who tend to be intensely emotional, are irritable and fussy and cry a lot, and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns as:
A
difficult child
31
Q
- ______ developed a model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy their needs first at the physiological level, and then emerge up into “higher” psychological needs.
A
Abraham Maslow
32
Q
- A baby with a ______ temperament is likely to have a low activity level, withdraw from new situations and people, and adapt to new experiences very gradually.
A
slow-to-warm-up
33
Q
- Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A
It encourages a focus on psychological needs as motivators
34
Q
- It has become apparent to Mr. and Mrs. Tsu that their baby has a low activity level, tends to withdraw from new situations and people, and adapts to new experiences only very gradually. The baby would be classified as a(n) ______ baby.
A
slow-to-warm-up
35
Q
- Eugene believes that, at this point in his life, he is fully using his talents, capacities, and potentialities. According to Abraham Maslow, Eugene has achieved:
A
self-actualization
36
Q
- According to Jerome Kagan’s research on infants, an infant who reacts to new experiences, strangers, or novel objects by being fearful, tense, shy, and inhibited is considered:
A
high-reactive infant
37
Q
- Developed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, the theory known as ______ posits that people are actively growth-oriented and move toward a unified sense of self and integration with others.
A
self-determination
38
Q
- Research by Jerome Kagan (2004) suggests that an infant who tends to frighten easily, to be tense, and be inhibited around new experiences is a ______ infant.
A
high-reactive
39
Q
- According to Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, in self-determination theory the three innate and universal psychological needs that must be satisfied are:
A
autonomy, competence, relatedness
40
Q
- A child who tends to be calm, uninhibited, sociable, outgoing, and shows interest rather than fear when exposed to new people, experiences, and objects would be characterized by Jerome Kagan as a(n) ______ infant.
A
Low-reactive
41
Q
- Oz has been trying to decide whether to train to become an advertising account executive or continue training as a nurse. Although he knows that he will not make as much money as a nurse, he has decided to pursue this path because he finds the work inherently satisfying, enjoyable, and challenging. His motivation to become a nurse is likely to be:
A
intrinsic
42
Q
- When Samara was an infant, she was usually calm, uninhibited, sociable, and typically showed interest rather than fear when exposed to new people, novel experiences, and unfamiliar objects. In terms of Kagan’s classification of temperament patterns, Samara is likely to be categorized as a(n):
A
low-reactive infant
43
Q
- Rianne has to choose between returning to graduate school to pursue her love of philosophy, or going to work for a bank in town. Although she does not enjoy banking, she knows she will receive a good salary and benefits there. If Rianne decides to take the position at the bank, she is exhibiting:
A
extrinsic motivation
44
Q
- The emotional bond that forms between infants and their caregiver(s), especially parents, is called ______, according to developmental psychologist Mary D. Salter Ainsworth.
A
attachment
45
Q
- The desire to direct one’s behavior toward demonstrations of ability and exercise of control in a situation is known as:
A
competence motivation
46
Q
- When two-year-old Kerry was tested in the Ainsworth Strange Situation, she did NOT explore the environment even when her mother was present. She appeared very anxious became extremely distressed when her mother left the room. Kerry is a(n):
A
insecurely attached toddler
47
Q
- The desire to direct one’s behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task is also known as:
A
achievement motivation
48
Q
- Mary D. Salter Ainsworth developed a method of measuring attachment called the ______ that is usually used with infants between 1 and 2 years old.
A
Strange Situation Classification (SSC)
49
Q
- In collectivistic cultures, achievement motivation is more:
A
socially oriented
50
Q
- The developmental psychologist who devised the Strange Situation procedure to measure attachment and who contributed to attachment theory is:
A
Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
51
Q
- In individualistic cultures, success and succeeding in competitive tasks is more:
A
personally motivated
52
Q
- Mary D. Salter Ainsworth used ______ to determine the different types of attachment children have to their parents.
A
the Strange Situation test
53
Q
- The three distinct components involved in an emotion are: a subjective experience, a:
A
physiological response, and a behavioral response
54
Q
- Lincoln is a normal eight-month-old infant. According to Chomsky’s theory of language development, Lincoln:
A
has a biological predisposition to learn any language ; can distinguish amoung speech sounds of all world’s languages.
55
Q
- Jerry is a skilled engineer, good at his craft, and yet has trouble holding down a job. In his performance evaluations, it is often mentioned that he has difficulty resolving conflict and functioning well as part of a team. Jerry likely lacks:
A
emotional intelligence
56
Q
- Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist best known for his influential theory that:
A
children actively try to make sense of environment rather than passively soaking up information (the youngest infants were learning how to make sense of their environment)
57
Q
- Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A
“We are afraid because we tremble and run”
58
Q
- The ability to incorporate and interpret new information in terms of existing mental representations of the world is called:
A
assimilation
59
Q
- There have been numerous attempts to disprove the James-Lange theory. One of these, the theory proposed by ______, pointed out that body reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different.
A
Cannon
60
Q
- Piaget gave the name _____ to the ability to change one’s mental representation of the world, and the way one thinks about things on the basis of new information and experiences.
A
accomodation
61
Q
- Walter Cannon’s theory of emotion differed from the James-Lange theory, in that Cannon argued that one’s ______ reaction to a stimulus is often faster than one’s ______ reaction.
A
emotional; physiological
62
Q
- Which of the following accurately characterizes Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development?
A
It is the first stage of cognitive development, during which the infant explores the environment & acquires knowledge through sensing & manipulating objects.
63
Q
- You recently participated in a psychology experiment. Today you learned that the study showed that people who are more sensitive to their own internal body signals are more likely to experience anxiety and other negative emotions. The research in which you participated thus supports the ______ theory.
A
James-Lange theory
64
Q
- Baby Harry’s mother shows him a toy rattle and then hides it under a blanket. Harry for the blanket and lifts it up to find the toy rattle underneath. It would appear that he has achieved what Piaget called ______, which involves an understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.
A
object permanence
65
Q
- You decide to do a self-experiment using what you know about the facial-feedback hypothesis. You are going to purposely smile more during the day to see if smiling causes you to feel happier. Which of the following theories would MOST likely support the hypothesis that smiling does make people feel happier?
A
the James-Lange theory
66
Q
- Piaget proposed that children between the ages of 2 and 7 enter into the preoperational stage of development, which is characterized by the:
A
idea that children use symbols to represent their discoveries
67
Q
- The facial feedback hypothesis supports the idea that our ______ responses affect our ______ experience.
A
bodily; subjective
68
Q
- According to Piaget, the inability to take another person’s perspective or point of view into consideration is called:
A
egocentrism
69
Q
- Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion proposed that emotion is the interaction of ______ arousal and the ______ label that we apply to explain the arousal.
A
physiological; cognitive
70
Q
- Piaget proposed the idea of ______, which is the inability to reverse a sequence of events or logical operations mentally.
A
irreversibility
71
Q
- The two-factor theory of emotion argues that emotion results from physiological arousal and a(n) ______ label people use to explain the arousal.
A
cognitive
72
Q
- Piaget talked about ______ as the ability to focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects.
A
centration
73
Q
- The cognitive-appraisal theory of emotion that was developed by Smith and Lazarus (1988, 1993) is a modified version of the ______ theory of emotion.
A
two-factor
74
Q
- According to Piaget, the principle of conservation refers to:
A
the understanding that 2 equals quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged as long as nothing is added or subtracted
75
Q
- A child who has the ability to think logically about visible and tangible objects and situations would be considered to be in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
A
concrete operational?
76
Q
- Tommy now understands that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged. According to Piaget, Tommy is in the ______ stage of development.
A
concrete operational
77
Q
- According to Piaget, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to the beginning of adolescence and is characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations, is called the ______ stage.
A
concrete operational
78
Q
- Also known as the ______ stage, Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations.
A
formal operational
79
Q
- Adolescence is:
A
the transitional stage between late childhood ; the beginning of adulthood ; when sexual maturity is reached
80
Q
- According to Erikson, the key psychosocial conflict for adolescents is:
A
identity versus role confusion
81
Q
- According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, late adulthood is to ______ as adolescence is to ______.
A
ego integrity; identity
82
Q
- The psychosocial conflict named by Erik Erikson that he identified with early childhood (3 to 6 years), is called _____, while _____ is the conflict likely to be encountered in middle to late childhood (6 to 12 years).
A
initiative versus guilt; industry vs. inferiority
83
Q
- The first two psychosocial conflicts, according to Erikson, both of which occur prior to the age of 3 years, are called (in sequence) ______ and ______.
A
trust versus mistrust; autonomy versus doubt
84
Q
- The most influential theory of moral development was proposed by:
A
Kolberg
85
Q
- The sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles, are:
A
primary sex characteristics
86
Q
- The sexual characteristics that develop during puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development, are:
A
secondary sex characteristics
87
Q
- Which environmental factor is NOT related to the timing of puberty?
A
absence of the biological mother
88
Q
- ______ is the stage of adulthood, lasting roughly from the forties to the mid-sixties, when a person’s physical strength and endurance tend to gradually decline.
A
Middle adulthood
89
Q
- In Erik Erikson’s stage theory, the primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, in which the person contributes to future generations through children, career, and other meaningful activity, is called:
A
generativity
90
Q
- The primary psychosocial task of middle adulthood, which Erikson called ______, involves the time during which a person contributes to future generations through raising children, having a career, and engaging in other meaningful activities.
A
Generativity
91
Q
- At Mr. Guerno’s seventieth birthday party, his grandchildren asked him about some of his many adventures and travels. While listening to his colorful stories, they realized that their grandfather had lived a very meaningful life and was very satisfied with his many life accomplishments. Mr. Guerno is in the ______ stage of life and has achieved what Erikson called ______.
A
late adulthood; ego integrity
92
Q
- Mr. Reddington has reached a point in his life where he is examining whether he has experienced meaning, and what type of meaning, in his life. According to Erikson, Mr. Reddington is in the eighth psychosocial task known as:
A
ego integrity
93
Q
- The feeling of ______ experienced by an older adult is often the result of regret or bitterness about past mistakes, missed opportunities, or bad decisions made in that adult’s life, according to Erikson.
A
despair
94
Q
- While anxiety about death tends to ______ in middle adulthood, it tends to ______ in late adulthood.
A
peak; decrease
95
Q
- Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s famous research with terminally ill patients led her to propose that the dying go through five stages. These stages, in order, are:
A
denial, anger, bargainning, depression, acceptance
96
Q
- The second stage of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s stage theory of dying is what she calls:
A
anger
97
Q
- Kübler-Ross proposed that the last stage of the dying process involves:
A
acceptance
98
Q
- What are two permissive parenting styles?
A
permissive-indulgent & permissive -indifferent
99
Q
- The parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not at all demanding is called the ______ parenting style.
A
permissive
100
Q
- The parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children’s behavior but are also responsive to the children’s needs and wishes is called the:
A
authoritative style
