Psyc 110 Exam 3

Question 1

1. The affective component of an attitude is reflected in:

Answer 1

the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic

Question 2

2. As you are helping your newlywed friends move into their new home, you hear them arguing as they try to edge the king-sized bed frame through the bedroom doorway. The frame gets jammed and you automatically attribute the jam to the couple “being poor communicators” rather than attributing the failure to get the frame through the doorway to the possibility that it might be too big for the doorway. This is an example of:

Answer 2

the fundamental attribution error

Question 3

3. Sally did not do well on her last math test. If her fifth-grade teacher concludes that Sally did poorly because she is NOT motivated to do well in school, the teacher may be committing:

Answer 3

the fundamental attribution error

Question 4

4. Also known as ______ traits, these personality characteristics or attributes can easily be inferred from observable behavior.

Answer 4

surface

Question 5

5. Social psychologists refer to the mental process of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own, as:

Answer 5

attribution

Question 6

6. A ______ is a type of personality test in which a person interprets an ambiguous image, in the process of which the tester can assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.

Answer 6

projective test

Question 7

7. Yoko was late for work because traffic was particularly heavy. When she arrived at the office, she apologized to her boss, insisting that it was her fault for being late—if she had been less lazy, it wouldn’t have happened. According to the Culture and Human Behavior box titled “Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases,” blaming an accidental occurrence on an internal, personal disposition rather than on situational factors is called the:

Answer 7

self-effacing bias (modesty bias)

Question 8

8. ___Hans Eyesenck___ was the German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identified the three basic dimensions of personality as:

Answer 8

Hans Eyesenck;
neuroticism-emotional stability,
introversion-extraversian, and psychoticism

Question 9

9. Jake lost his job two months ago when his company downsized its operations; and, despite all his efforts, he has not yet found another job. One of his neighbors stated that Jake is just like most unemployed people—irresponsible, unmotivated, and basically lazy. The neighbor has committed:

Answer 9

the fundamental attribution error

Question 10

10. When Allison landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart “wheeling and dealing.” When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the loss on the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. Her attitudes illustrate:

Answer 10

the self-serving bias

Question 11

11. The term ______ was used by Carl Rogers to refer to the sense of being loved and valued by other people, especially one’s parents.

Answer 11

positive regard

Question 12

12. ______ is the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 12

the just-world hypothesis

Question 13

13. Raffi is shown a series of cards with ambiguous scenes and told to make up a story about each one including descriptions of the characters’ feelings and motives. Raffi has been given the:

Answer 13

Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)

Question 14

14. When Martha walked down a dark alley one night in a part of town that she knew was dangerous, she was mugged, but fortunately not otherwise harmed. When she told a friend of hers what happened, his first thought was that “she should have known not to walk there at night.” Martha’s friend is in a sense putting the responsibility for her misfortune on her, despite the fact that she was a victim of a mugging. Her friend was using the psychological process known as:

Answer 14

blaming the victim

Question 15

15. Social cognitive theory embraces the idea that it is a person’s ______ that represent(s) the person’s cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes.

Answer 15

self-system

Question 16

16. The ______ error, involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.

Answer 16

the fundamental attribution

Question 17

17. Dr. Sharma stresses the importance of identifying, measuring, and describing individual differences in terms of various personality characteristics. His views are MOST representative of the ______ perspective on personality.

Answer 17

trait

Question 18

18. The tendency to adjust one’s behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure is called:

Answer 18

conformity

Question 19

19. In contrast to Freud’s pessimistic view of people as being motivated by sexual and destructive instincts, the ______ theory of personality generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.

Answer 19

humanistic

Question 20

20. The cognitive component of an attitude involves:

Answer 20

thoughts, ideas, and conclusions that people have about a given topic or object

Question 21

21. During a discussion on fast food and fast-food outlets, Mark stated, “Fast food is great. I just love southern fried chicken, fries, coleslaw, and milkshakes.” This statement represents the ______ component of Michael’s positive attitude toward fast-food.

Answer 21

affective

Question 22

22. When a person attributes the successful outcomes of his behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes, the person most likely has an explanatory style known as:

Answer 22

self serving bias

Question 23

23. The ideas about basic anxiety and womb envy proposed by German-born American psychoanalyst ______ also emphasized the role of social relationships and culture in personality.

Answer 23

Karen Horney

Question 24

24. According to social psychologists, the three components of an attitude typically are which of the following?

Answer 24

Cognitive, affective, behavioral

Question 25

25. Carl Rogers is MOST famous for which of the following?

Answer 25

Developing a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy

Question 26

26. The Culture and Human Behavior box titled “Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases,” discusses a type of explanatory style more often found in collectivistic cultures that is known as the ______ bias. This style involves blaming our failures on internal, personal factors and attributing our successes to external, situational factors.

Answer 26

self-effacing

Question 27

27. The ______ is what Freud referred to as the partly conscious self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal moral standards.

Answer 27

superego

Question 28

28. Mary, a sophomore in college, did very well on her chemistry midterm exam. Afterward she believed the good grade was due to her being good at chemistry and studying very hard. However, when she found out how poorly she did on her final chemistry exam, she went to her professor to talk to him about her belief that the test was unfair, badly written and too difficult. Mary is likely using what social psychologists call the _____ bias, in which she attributed her midterm success to something internal, and her failure on the final to something external.

Answer 28

self-serving_bias

Question 29

29. The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal factors is called:

Answer 29

actor-observer bias

Question 30

30. The life instinct is referred to as:

Answer 30

eros

Question 31

31. The social category called a stereotype refers to:

Answer 31

the cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group

Question 32

32. Humanistic psychology focuses on:

Answer 32

the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development

Question 33

33. The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called:

Answer 33

hindsight bias

Question 34

34. During the ______ stage of psychosexual development, the genitals are the primary focus and the child derives pleasurable sensations through sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent.

Answer 34

phallic

Question 35

35. ______ was the Swiss psychiatrist who developed his own psychoanalytic theory of personality. His theory stressed a striving toward psychological harmony and included the key ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Answer 35

Carl Jung

Question 36

36. ______ is the negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group.

Answer 36

prejudice

Question 37

37. Mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations are called:

Answer 37

archetypes

Question 38

38. All members of the MacGregor household are enthusiastic supporters of the new community recycling program. They consistently sort their garbage by placing paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum in their respective bins. The MacGregors’ actions illustrate the ______ component of attitudes.

Answer 38

behavior

Question 39

39. The behavioral component of an attitude is most reflected through:

Answer 39

action

Question 40

40. ______ used the term self-efficacy to describe the degree to which we are subjectively convinced of our own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation.

Answer 40

Albert Bandura

Question 41

41. The term ______ is the term used by Bandura to describe the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced of his or her own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation.

Answer 41

self-efficacy

Question 42

42. The unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs in a person when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, is called:

Answer 42

cognitive dissonance

Question 43

43. Carl Rogers suggested that the ______ is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.

Answer 43

actualizing tendency

Question 44

44. The theory that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences in behavioral predispositions among individuals is called the:

Answer 44

trait theory

Question 45

45. According to Freud, the notion that a little boy feels affection for his mother and hostility and jealousy toward his father as well as experiencing castration anxiety, is known as the:

Answer 45

Oedipus Complex

Question 46

46. The teaching technique known as the ______ stresses a cooperative, rather than competitive, learning situation.

Answer 46

jigsaw classroom

Question 47

47. The actualizing tendency and the self-concept are to ______ as reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy are to ______.

Answer 47

Carl Rogers;

Albert Bandura

Question 48

48. Jai could be described as a person who has a flexible, constantly evolving self-concept and is realistic, open to new experiences, and capable of changing in response to new experiences. Carl Rogers would characterize Jai as a(n):

Answer 48

fully functioning person

Question 49

49. Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasized the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experiences, is called the ______ perspective.

Answer 49

psychoanalytic

Question 50

50. ______ was the American social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity.

Answer 50

Solomon Asch

Question 51

51. According to Freud, the id is ruled by the ______, which is the relentless drive toward immediate satisfaction of the instinctual urges.

Answer 51

pleasure-principle

Question 52

52. Greg, a new faculty member, is on the college committee concerned with student evaluation. He disagrees with the proposal to institute a college-wide percentage system for grading, but the other five members have already stated that they are in favor of the proposal. Greg decides that it would be in his best interests to go along with his colleagues and not risk antagonizing them, so he votes in favor of the proposed policy. This example best illustrates:

Answer 52

normative social influence

Question 53

53. At her therapy session, Keisha is asked to spontaneously report all of the thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come into her mind. This technique is commonly used in psychoanalysis and is known as:

Answer 53

free association

Question 54

54. The most fundamental dimensions of personality are called:

Answer 54

source traits

Question 55

55. How many source traits did Raymond Cattell propose?

Answer 55

16

Question 56

56. _____ is the American psychologist best known for the Robbers’ Cave experiments and for his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes.

Answer 56

Muzafer Sherif_

Question 57

57. The theory of personality that represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and fulfillment of a person’s unique potential, is the:

Answer 57

humanistic theory

Question 58

58. Fraser loves wearing sandals or thongs and hates wearing shoes. However, when he went out to dinner with his girlfriend’s family he wore shoes because he did not want to evoke their disapproval. Fraser’s behavior illustrates the importance of:

Answer 58

normative social influence

Question 59

59. Professor Kelly’s research involves describing and explaining similarities and differences in people’s patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Professor Kelly likely studies ______ theory.

Answer 59

personality

Question 60

60. A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way is called:

Answer 60

a trait

Question 61

61. Known as ______, this involves the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another.

Answer 61

the out-group homogeneity effect

Question 62

62. According to Albert Bandura, all of us have a set of cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes that guide how we perceive, evaluate, and control our behavior in different situations. Bandura referred to this as:

Answer 62

a self-system

Question 63

63. Kyle is in sixth grade, and like most children in his school, he believes that his school is better than all the other schools in town. Kyle’s belief illustrates:

Answer 63

in-group bias

Question 64

64. Which of the following theories of personality stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality?

Answer 64

psychoanalytic theory

Question 65

65. The sex drive is also referred to as:

Answer 65

libido

Question 66

66. Mrs. Torre sends her children to a private elementary school and has made friends with several fellow parents. Mrs. Torre’s neighbor, Mrs. Klucik, on the other hand, home-schools her children. Mrs. Torre does not take part in the activities and group events that Mrs. Klucik does as a home-schooling mother. Social psychologists would consider Mrs. Torre to be part of the ______ of the elementary school parents, and part of the ______ of the home-school parents.

Answer 66

in-group;

out-group

Question 67

67. Seven-year old Sean prefers to play with his male friends and does not like playing with girls very much. Sean is probably in the ______ stage of psychosexual development.

Answer 67

latency

Question 68

68. Joy says, “I think our reading group reads more sophisticated literature than Jenna’s group. Frankly, between you and me, it’s because most of us have a graduate degree.” In using the word “we,” Joy is referring to her:

Answer 68

in-group

Question 69

69. According to ______, human functioning is caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process that he called reciprocal determinism.

Answer 69

Albert Bandura

Question 70

70. The term that describes human functioning as being caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors is

Answer 70

reciprocal determinism

Question 71

71. Behavior motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval is described by the text as:

Answer 71

Normative-social influenced behavior

Question 72

72. The death instinct, which Freud called ______, is often manifested in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions.

Answer 72

Thanatus

Question 73

73. Male is to _____ aggression as female is to _____ aggression.

Answer 73

direct;

indirect

Question 74

74. Liliana thinks that people her parents’ age are old-fashioned, critical, intolerant, and unconcerned about important social issues. Liliana is assuming that people in a particular age category have certain characteristics, even though these qualities may be unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:

Answer 74

stereotyping

Question 75

75. The type of person who directs his energies outward toward the environment and other people would most likely be considered high on the ______ dimension of Eysenck’s theory.

Answer 75

extraversion

Question 76

76. When Inge was first elected to the student finance committee, she was asked to make a decision on some important financial matter with which she was not familiar. All the other members of the committee stated that they were going to vote against the proposal. Inge voted with the group because she assumed that they must have the correct information and more background information on it. This example illustrates:

Answer 76

informational social influence

Question 77

77. Eysenck’s theory includes a personality dimension known as ______, in which the person directs his or her energies inward toward self-focused.

Answer 77

introversion

Question 78

78. Which type of learning is associated with aggressive behavior?

Answer 78

observational learning

Question 79

79. Terry’s view of parents who have many children has always been that they are selfish or irresponsible. Terry then moves next door to a woman who has 8 children. Terry’s view of parents with many children is challenged when she learns that her neighbors, despite their number of children, are very generous, responsible, and caring people. Terry’s former belief about what families with lots of children SHOULD be like is a type of social category known as:

Answer 79

a stereotype

Question 80

80. The ______ is the unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives.

Answer 80

id

Question 81

81. Known as ______, this is the tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort.

Answer 81

social loafing

Question 82

82. Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between culture and conformity?

Answer 82

conformity is generally higher in collectivistic cultures

Question 83

83. The definition of ______ involves the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status.

Answer 83

obedience

Question 84

84. Freud referred to the ______ as the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.

Answer 84

ego

Question 85

85. The reason that marathon runners will often clock a better time on the actual race day than they did in their timed practice runs is considered to be related to the support, clapping, and cheering of those present on the day of the race but not there during practice. This enhanced performance can be attributed to a phenomenon known as:

Answer 85

social facilitation

Question 86

86. Social facilitation is:

Answer 86

the tendancy for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance

Question 87

87. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the totality of the thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that, he believed, operated below the level of awareness that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness is called:

Answer 87

unconscious

Question 88

88. ______ is the concept that involves a reduction in self-awareness and diminished inhibitions occurring when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.

Answer 88

deindividuation

Question 89

89. During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers his opinion in answer to the lawyer’s questions, so the judge finally orders him to confine his answers to a simple “yes” or “no” answer. After the judge’s rebuke, the witness stops offering his opinions. This response of the witness illustrates:

Answer 89

obedience

Question 90

90. Dr. Markowitz studies the effects of heredity on behavior. One of his areas of research focuses on similarities and differences in identical twins who were separated at birth or early infancy and thereafter raised by different families. Dr. Markowitz is most probably a:

Answer 90

behavioral geneticist

Question 91

91. Stanley Milgram is the American social psychologist who is best known for:

Answer 91

his controversial investigation of destructive obedience to an authority figure.

Question 92

92. Which of the following theories emphasizes conscious, self-regulated behavior rather than unconscious mental influences and instinctual drives and stresses conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences?

Answer 92

Social cognitive perspective

Question 93

93. An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are referred to as his or her:

Answer 93

personality

Question 94

94. The likelihood of helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit describes:

Answer 94

altruism

Question 95

95. Any behavior that helps another person, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless, can be characterized as ______ behavior.

Answer 95

prosocial

Question 96

96. According to Freud, the ______ contains information that, while not currently in conscious awareness, is still easily accessible and that can be made easily conscious.

Answer 96

preconscious

Question 97

97. Prosocial behavior is behavior in which people:

Answer 97

help one another whether the motive is self-serving or selfless

Question 98

98. The stage during which the adolescent reaches physical sexual maturity and the genitals again become the primary focus of pleasurable sensations is called the ______ stage.

Answer 98

phallic stage?????

Question 99

99. According to social cognitive theory, the personalities of different individuals reflect the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process Bandura called:

Answer 99

reciprocal determinism

Question 100

100. Jerry’s wife could best be described as someone who is very social and outgoing, and who feels comfortable having new experiences and meeting new people. If Jerry’s wife were to be described according to Hans Eysenck’s personality dimensions, she would likely be considered:

Answer 100

extraverted

Question 101

101. The increased likelihood that a successful and happy person is more likely to help others is called the ______ effect.

Answer 101

“feel-good, do-good”

Question 102

102. The stage during which sexual impulses become repressed and dormant and the child develops same-sex friendships with peers and focuses on school, sports, and other activities is called the ______ stage of psychosexual development.

Answer 102

latency

Question 103

103. The early followers of Freud who developed their own theories yet still recognized the importance of many of Freud’s basic notions are referred to as:

Answer 103

neo-Freudians

Question 104

104. When asked to describe her husband, Mrs. Rice said that he is prone to exaggerating his accomplishments and importance, seems unaware of the reality of his limitations, and tends to overcompensate for his feelings of inferiority and weakness. Adler would probably have said that Mr. Rice has a(n):

Answer 104

superiority complex

Question 105

105. American psychologist ______ is best known for his research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality.

Answer 105

Albert Bandura

Question 106

106. All of the following factors increase the likelihood that a bystander will help EXCEPT:

Answer 106

being in a big city or a small town

Question 107

107. The theory of personality known as ______ theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.

Answer 107

social cognitive

Question 108

108. The process by which we form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of others is known as:

Answer 108

person perception

Question 109

109. The ______ refers to a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress.

Answer 109

bystander effect

Question 110

110. Rhonda’s husband could best be described as someone who is quiet and keeps to himself, and who feels more comfortable with people and situations that he knows. If Rhonda’s husband were to be described according to Hans Eysenck’s personality dimensions, he would likely be called:

Answer 110

introverted

Question 111

111. Implicit personality theory is:

Answer 111

the network of assumption or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors

Question 112

112. According to Eysenck’s theory, a person who is high on the trait known as ______ is more prone to become emotionally upset, while a person who is high on the trait known as ______ is predisposed to be emotionally even.

Answer 112

neuroticism;

stability

Question 113

113. The mental processes people use to make sense of their social situations is called:

Answer 113

social cognition

Question 114

114. A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it LESS likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers, is called:

Answer 114

The bystander effect

Question 115

115. Which of the following factors would influence a person’s decision NOT to help a person in need?

Answer 115

The situation in which help is needed is vague & ambiguous

Question 116

116. An individual’s unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences is called:

Answer 116

sense of self

Question 117

117. Any verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people is called:

Answer 117

agression

Question 118

118. Dr. Jivraj, like many contemporary trait theorists, believes that the 16-trait model is too complex and the three-dimensional trait theory is too limited. He favors, rather, a model in which five basic dimensions represent the structural organization of personality traits. The five factors are:

Answer 118

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 119

119. Social psychologists call the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics:

Answer 119

social categorization

Question 120

120. The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual’s behavior is also known as:

Answer 120

social influence

Question 121

121. Which of the following is NOT a biological explanation for aggression?

Answer 121

diet

Question 122

122. Miguel is giving a lecture on the five-factor model of personality. Which of the following personality dimensions is NOT likely to be included in his talk?

Answer 122

anal retentiveness

Question 123

123. Gilbert is taking a test that asks him to answer standardized questions about himself, such as “How often have you experienced anxiety in the last year?,” after which the questions and answers are compared with established norms. He is told to answer the questions as honestly as possible. The type of test Gilbert has been given is called a(n):

Answer 123

self-report inventory

Question 124

124. The branch of psychology that studies how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called ______ psychology.

Answer 124

social

Question 125

125. The concept of diffusion of responsibility helps to explain ______, which occurs when the presence of other people makes it less likely that an individual will help someone in distress.

Answer 125

the bystander effect

Question 126

126. If the personal costs for helping another person in need outweigh the benefits, it is ______ likely that the person in need will get help.

Answer 126

less