Psyc 110 Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
- The affective component of an attitude is reflected in:
A
the feelings that people have about a given event, object, or topic
2
Q
- As you are helping your newlywed friends move into their new home, you hear them arguing as they try to edge the king-sized bed frame through the bedroom doorway. The frame gets jammed and you automatically attribute the jam to the couple “being poor communicators” rather than attributing the failure to get the frame through the doorway to the possibility that it might be too big for the doorway. This is an example of:
A
the fundamental attribution error
3
Q
- Sally did not do well on her last math test. If her fifth-grade teacher concludes that Sally did poorly because she is NOT motivated to do well in school, the teacher may be committing:
A
the fundamental attribution error
4
Q
- Also known as ______ traits, these personality characteristics or attributes can easily be inferred from observable behavior.
A
surface
5
Q
- Social psychologists refer to the mental process of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own, as:
A
attribution
6
Q
- A ______ is a type of personality test in which a person interprets an ambiguous image, in the process of which the tester can assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.
A
projective test
7
Q
- Yoko was late for work because traffic was particularly heavy. When she arrived at the office, she apologized to her boss, insisting that it was her fault for being late—if she had been less lazy, it wouldn’t have happened. According to the Culture and Human Behavior box titled “Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases,” blaming an accidental occurrence on an internal, personal disposition rather than on situational factors is called the:
A
self-effacing bias (modesty bias)
8
Q
- ___Hans Eyesenck___ was the German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality that identified the three basic dimensions of personality as:
A
Hans Eyesenck;
neuroticism-emotional stability,
introversion-extraversian, and psychoticism
9
Q
- Jake lost his job two months ago when his company downsized its operations; and, despite all his efforts, he has not yet found another job. One of his neighbors stated that Jake is just like most unemployed people—irresponsible, unmotivated, and basically lazy. The neighbor has committed:
A
the fundamental attribution error
10
Q
- When Allison landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart “wheeling and dealing.” When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the loss on the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. Her attitudes illustrate:
A
the self-serving bias
11
Q
- The term ______ was used by Carl Rogers to refer to the sense of being loved and valued by other people, especially one’s parents.
A
positive regard
12
Q
- ______ is the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
A
the just-world hypothesis
13
Q
- Raffi is shown a series of cards with ambiguous scenes and told to make up a story about each one including descriptions of the characters’ feelings and motives. Raffi has been given the:
A
Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
14
Q
- When Martha walked down a dark alley one night in a part of town that she knew was dangerous, she was mugged, but fortunately not otherwise harmed. When she told a friend of hers what happened, his first thought was that “she should have known not to walk there at night.” Martha’s friend is in a sense putting the responsibility for her misfortune on her, despite the fact that she was a victim of a mugging. Her friend was using the psychological process known as:
A
blaming the victim
15
Q
- Social cognitive theory embraces the idea that it is a person’s ______ that represent(s) the person’s cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes.
A
self-system
16
Q
- The ______ error, involves the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.
A
the fundamental attribution
17
Q
- Dr. Sharma stresses the importance of identifying, measuring, and describing individual differences in terms of various personality characteristics. His views are MOST representative of the ______ perspective on personality.
A
trait
18
Q
- The tendency to adjust one’s behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure is called:
A
conformity
19
Q
- In contrast to Freud’s pessimistic view of people as being motivated by sexual and destructive instincts, the ______ theory of personality generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.
A
humanistic
20
Q
- The cognitive component of an attitude involves:
A
thoughts, ideas, and conclusions that people have about a given topic or object
21
Q
- During a discussion on fast food and fast-food outlets, Mark stated, “Fast food is great. I just love southern fried chicken, fries, coleslaw, and milkshakes.” This statement represents the ______ component of Michael’s positive attitude toward fast-food.
A
affective
22
Q
- When a person attributes the successful outcomes of his behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes, the person most likely has an explanatory style known as:
A
self serving bias
23
Q
- The ideas about basic anxiety and womb envy proposed by German-born American psychoanalyst ______ also emphasized the role of social relationships and culture in personality.
A
Karen Horney
24
Q
- According to social psychologists, the three components of an attitude typically are which of the following?
A
Cognitive, affective, behavioral
25
25. Carl Rogers is MOST famous for which of the following?
Developing a theory of personality and form of psychotherapy
26
26. The Culture and Human Behavior box titled "Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases," discusses a type of explanatory style more often found in collectivistic cultures that is known as the ______ bias. This style involves blaming our failures on internal, personal factors and attributing our successes to external, situational factors.
self-effacing
27
27. The ______ is what Freud referred to as the partly conscious self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal moral standards.
superego
28
28. Mary, a sophomore in college, did very well on her chemistry midterm exam. Afterward she believed the good grade was due to her being good at chemistry and studying very hard. However, when she found out how poorly she did on her final chemistry exam, she went to her professor to talk to him about her belief that the test was unfair, badly written and too difficult. Mary is likely using what social psychologists call the _____ bias, in which she attributed her midterm success to something internal, and her failure on the final to something external.
self-serving_bias
29
29. The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal factors is called:
actor-observer bias
30
30. The life instinct is referred to as:
eros
31
31. The social category called a stereotype refers to:
the cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group
32
32. Humanistic psychology focuses on:
the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development
33
33. The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called:
hindsight bias
34
34. During the ______ stage of psychosexual development, the genitals are the primary focus and the child derives pleasurable sensations through sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent.
phallic
35
35. ______ was the Swiss psychiatrist who developed his own psychoanalytic theory of personality. His theory stressed a striving toward psychological harmony and included the key ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Carl Jung
36
36. ______ is the negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group.
prejudice
37
37. Mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations are called:
archetypes
38
38. All members of the MacGregor household are enthusiastic supporters of the new community recycling program. They consistently sort their garbage by placing paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum in their respective bins. The MacGregors’ actions illustrate the ______ component of attitudes.
behavior
39
39. The behavioral component of an attitude is most reflected through:
action
40
40. ______ used the term self-efficacy to describe the degree to which we are subjectively convinced of our own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation.
Albert Bandura
41
41. The term ______ is the term used by Bandura to describe the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced of his or her own effectiveness and capabilities in meeting the demands of a particular situation.
self-efficacy
42
42. The unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs in a person when there is an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, is called:
cognitive dissonance
43
43. Carl Rogers suggested that the ______ is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.
actualizing tendency
44
44. The theory that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences in behavioral predispositions among individuals is called the:
trait theory
45
45. According to Freud, the notion that a little boy feels affection for his mother and hostility and jealousy toward his father as well as experiencing castration anxiety, is known as the:
Oedipus Complex
46
46. The teaching technique known as the ______ stresses a cooperative, rather than competitive, learning situation.
jigsaw classroom
47
47. The actualizing tendency and the self-concept are to ______ as reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy are to ______.
Carl Rogers;
| Albert Bandura
48
48. Jai could be described as a person who has a flexible, constantly evolving self-concept and is realistic, open to new experiences, and capable of changing in response to new experiences. Carl Rogers would characterize Jai as a(n):
fully functioning person
49
49. Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasized the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experiences, is called the ______ perspective.
psychoanalytic
50
50. ______ was the American social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity.
Solomon Asch
51
51. According to Freud, the id is ruled by the ______, which is the relentless drive toward immediate satisfaction of the instinctual urges.
pleasure-principle
52
52. Greg, a new faculty member, is on the college committee concerned with student evaluation. He disagrees with the proposal to institute a college-wide percentage system for grading, but the other five members have already stated that they are in favor of the proposal. Greg decides that it would be in his best interests to go along with his colleagues and not risk antagonizing them, so he votes in favor of the proposed policy. This example best illustrates:
normative social influence
53
53. At her therapy session, Keisha is asked to spontaneously report all of the thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come into her mind. This technique is commonly used in psychoanalysis and is known as:
free association
54
54. The most fundamental dimensions of personality are called:
source traits
55
55. How many source traits did Raymond Cattell propose?
16
56
56. _____ is the American psychologist best known for the Robbers' Cave experiments and for his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes.
Muzafer Sherif_
57
57. The theory of personality that represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and fulfillment of a person’s unique potential, is the:
humanistic theory
58
58. Fraser loves wearing sandals or thongs and hates wearing shoes. However, when he went out to dinner with his girlfriend's family he wore shoes because he did not want to evoke their disapproval. Fraser's behavior illustrates the importance of:
normative social influence
59
59. Professor Kelly's research involves describing and explaining similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Professor Kelly likely studies ______ theory.
personality
60
60. A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way is called:
a trait
61
61. Known as ______, this involves the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another.
the out-group homogeneity effect
62
62. According to Albert Bandura, all of us have a set of cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes that guide how we perceive, evaluate, and control our behavior in different situations. Bandura referred to this as:
a self-system
63
63. Kyle is in sixth grade, and like most children in his school, he believes that his school is better than all the other schools in town. Kyle's belief illustrates:
in-group bias
64
64. Which of the following theories of personality stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality?
psychoanalytic theory
65
65. The sex drive is also referred to as:
libido
66
66. Mrs. Torre sends her children to a private elementary school and has made friends with several fellow parents. Mrs. Torre's neighbor, Mrs. Klucik, on the other hand, home-schools her children. Mrs. Torre does not take part in the activities and group events that Mrs. Klucik does as a home-schooling mother. Social psychologists would consider Mrs. Torre to be part of the ______ of the elementary school parents, and part of the ______ of the home-school parents.
in-group;
| out-group
67
67. Seven-year old Sean prefers to play with his male friends and does not like playing with girls very much. Sean is probably in the ______ stage of psychosexual development.
latency
68
68. Joy says, "I think our reading group reads more sophisticated literature than Jenna's group. Frankly, between you and me, it's because most of us have a graduate degree." In using the word "we," Joy is referring to her:
in-group
69
69. According to ______, human functioning is caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process that he called reciprocal determinism.
Albert Bandura
70
70. The term that describes human functioning as being caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors is
reciprocal determinism
71
71. Behavior motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval is described by the text as:
Normative-social influenced behavior
72
72. The death instinct, which Freud called ______, is often manifested in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions.
Thanatus
73
73. Male is to _____ aggression as female is to _____ aggression.
direct;
| indirect
74
74. Liliana thinks that people her parents' age are old-fashioned, critical, intolerant, and unconcerned about important social issues. Liliana is assuming that people in a particular age category have certain characteristics, even though these qualities may be unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:
stereotyping
75
75. The type of person who directs his energies outward toward the environment and other people would most likely be considered high on the ______ dimension of Eysenck's theory.
extraversion
76
76. When Inge was first elected to the student finance committee, she was asked to make a decision on some important financial matter with which she was not familiar. All the other members of the committee stated that they were going to vote against the proposal. Inge voted with the group because she assumed that they must have the correct information and more background information on it. This example illustrates:
informational social influence
77
77. Eysenck's theory includes a personality dimension known as ______, in which the person directs his or her energies inward toward self-focused.
introversion
78
78. Which type of learning is associated with aggressive behavior?
observational learning
79
79. Terry's view of parents who have many children has always been that they are selfish or irresponsible. Terry then moves next door to a woman who has 8 children. Terry's view of parents with many children is challenged when she learns that her neighbors, despite their number of children, are very generous, responsible, and caring people. Terry's former belief about what families with lots of children SHOULD be like is a type of social category known as:
a stereotype
80
80. The ______ is the unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives.
id
81
81. Known as ______, this is the tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort.
social loafing
82
82. Which statement BEST reflects the relationship between culture and conformity?
conformity is generally higher in collectivistic cultures
83
83. The definition of ______ involves the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status.
obedience
84
84. Freud referred to the ______ as the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
ego
85
85. The reason that marathon runners will often clock a better time on the actual race day than they did in their timed practice runs is considered to be related to the support, clapping, and cheering of those present on the day of the race but not there during practice. This enhanced performance can be attributed to a phenomenon known as:
social facilitation
86
86. Social facilitation is:
the tendancy for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance
87
87. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the totality of the thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that, he believed, operated below the level of awareness that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness is called:
unconscious
88
88. ______ is the concept that involves a reduction in self-awareness and diminished inhibitions occurring when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.
deindividuation
89
89. During cross-examination, a witness repeatedly offers his opinion in answer to the lawyer's questions, so the judge finally orders him to confine his answers to a simple “yes” or “no” answer. After the judge's rebuke, the witness stops offering his opinions. This response of the witness illustrates:
obedience
90
90. Dr. Markowitz studies the effects of heredity on behavior. One of his areas of research focuses on similarities and differences in identical twins who were separated at birth or early infancy and thereafter raised by different families. Dr. Markowitz is most probably a:
behavioral geneticist
91
91. Stanley Milgram is the American social psychologist who is best known for:
his controversial investigation of destructive obedience to an authority figure.
92
92. Which of the following theories emphasizes conscious, self-regulated behavior rather than unconscious mental influences and instinctual drives and stresses conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences?
Social cognitive perspective
93
93. An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving are referred to as his or her:
personality
94
94. The likelihood of helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit describes:
altruism
95
95. Any behavior that helps another person, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless, can be characterized as ______ behavior.
prosocial
96
96. According to Freud, the ______ contains information that, while not currently in conscious awareness, is still easily accessible and that can be made easily conscious.
preconscious
97
97. Prosocial behavior is behavior in which people:
help one another whether the motive is self-serving or selfless
98
98. The stage during which the adolescent reaches physical sexual maturity and the genitals again become the primary focus of pleasurable sensations is called the ______ stage.
phallic stage?????
99
99. According to social cognitive theory, the personalities of different individuals reflect the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors, a process Bandura called:
reciprocal determinism
100
100. Jerry's wife could best be described as someone who is very social and outgoing, and who feels comfortable having new experiences and meeting new people. If Jerry's wife were to be described according to Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, she would likely be considered:
extraverted
101
101. The increased likelihood that a successful and happy person is more likely to help others is called the ______ effect.
"feel-good, do-good"
102
102. The stage during which sexual impulses become repressed and dormant and the child develops same-sex friendships with peers and focuses on school, sports, and other activities is called the ______ stage of psychosexual development.
latency
103
103. The early followers of Freud who developed their own theories yet still recognized the importance of many of Freud's basic notions are referred to as:
neo-Freudians
104
104. When asked to describe her husband, Mrs. Rice said that he is prone to exaggerating his accomplishments and importance, seems unaware of the reality of his limitations, and tends to overcompensate for his feelings of inferiority and weakness. Adler would probably have said that Mr. Rice has a(n):
superiority complex
105
105. American psychologist ______ is best known for his research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality.
Albert Bandura
106
106. All of the following factors increase the likelihood that a bystander will help EXCEPT:
being in a big city or a small town
107
107. The theory of personality known as ______ theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
social cognitive
108
108. The process by which we form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of others is known as:
person perception
109
109. The ______ refers to a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress.
bystander effect
110
110. Rhonda's husband could best be described as someone who is quiet and keeps to himself, and who feels more comfortable with people and situations that he knows. If Rhonda's husband were to be described according to Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, he would likely be called:
introverted
111
111. Implicit personality theory is:
the network of assumption or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors
112
112. According to Eysenck's theory, a person who is high on the trait known as ______ is more prone to become emotionally upset, while a person who is high on the trait known as ______ is predisposed to be emotionally even.
neuroticism;
| stability
113
113. The mental processes people use to make sense of their social situations is called:
social cognition
114
114. A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it LESS likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers, is called:
The bystander effect
115
115. Which of the following factors would influence a person's decision NOT to help a person in need?
The situation in which help is needed is vague & ambiguous
116
116. An individual’s unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences is called:
sense of self
117
117. Any verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people is called:
agression
118
118. Dr. Jivraj, like many contemporary trait theorists, believes that the 16-trait model is too complex and the three-dimensional trait theory is too limited. He favors, rather, a model in which five basic dimensions represent the structural organization of personality traits. The five factors are:
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
119
119. Social psychologists call the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics:
social categorization
120
120. The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior is also known as:
social influence
121
121. Which of the following is NOT a biological explanation for aggression?
diet
122
122. Miguel is giving a lecture on the five-factor model of personality. Which of the following personality dimensions is NOT likely to be included in his talk?
anal retentiveness
123
123. Gilbert is taking a test that asks him to answer standardized questions about himself, such as "How often have you experienced anxiety in the last year?," after which the questions and answers are compared with established norms. He is told to answer the questions as honestly as possible. The type of test Gilbert has been given is called a(n):
self-report inventory
124
124. The branch of psychology that studies how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment is called ______ psychology.
social
125
125. The concept of diffusion of responsibility helps to explain ______, which occurs when the presence of other people makes it less likely that an individual will help someone in distress.
the bystander effect
126
126. If the personal costs for helping another person in need outweigh the benefits, it is ______ likely that the person in need will get help.
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