Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- The group of related mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information is called:
A
memory
2
Q
- The process called ____ involves transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
A
encoding
3
Q
- A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience is called:
A
learning
4
Q
- The two primary types of conditioning discussed in the text are ______ and ______.
A
operant/ classical
5
Q
- The process of retaining information in memory so it can be used at a later time is called:
A
storage
6
Q
- Your mother has recently undergone testing by a memory specialist. The doctor tells her that her test results show that her encoding and storage functions are fine, but that ______, one of the three fundamental processes involved in memory, is not functioning well.
A
retrieving
7
Q
- The stage model of memory involves ______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
A
sensory
8
Q
- The basis of learning in ______ is the association of two stimuli, the CS and the UCS.
A
classical conditioning
9
Q
- Which of the following is the MOST accurate characterization of sensory memory?
A
It has a large capacity for information and a brief duration.
10
Q
- Short-term memory is also referred to as:
A
working memory
11
Q
- Ms. Jones is holding her six-month-old niece Mischa who is hungry and beginning to get fussy. When Mischa’s mother walks through the door, Ms. Jones notices that Mischa begins to drool just at the sight of her mother. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Mischa’s drool is a(n):
A
conditioned response
12
Q
- In Pavlov’s famous dog experiments, the dogs learned to salivate at the mere sound of a bell ringing. However, prior to conditioning, it was the food in the dog’s mouth that caused the salivation, or the:
A
unconditioned response (UCR)
13
Q
- Visual sensory memory is to ______ as auditory sensory memory is to ______.
A
iconic memory/echoic memory
14
Q
- The purpose of maintenance rehearsal is to maintain information beyond the usual 20-second duration of:
A
short-term memory
15
Q
- The “magic number” in memory, famously known as seven plus or minus two (now considered more likely to be four plus or minus one), refers to the capacity available in ______ memory to store information.
A
short-term
16
Q
- The first time Mrs. Tucker ate sour candy her mouth puckered. Now, if she even sees a piece of sour candy, her mouth puckers. The sour candy in Mrs. Tucker’s mouth that caused the original reaction would be called the ______, in classical conditioning
A
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
17
Q
- The ever-familiar terms USA, FBI, and MTV are easy to remember because they involve a short-term memorization strategy known as ______, in which related items are grouped together into a single unit.
A
chucking
18
Q
- Which of the following is an accurate statement about long-term memory?
A
capacity
19
Q
- Dr. Frolov classically conditioned a dog to flex his hind leg at the sound of a bell by pairing the ringing of a bell with a mild electric shock to the dog’s leg. In this example, the ringing bell is the:
A
conditioned stimuls (CS)
20
Q
- The three major categories of information stored in ______ memory are procedural, episodic, and semantic memory.
A
long-term
21
Q
- Ricardo always gets nervous and apprehensive whenever his professor says the word exam, but he seldom feels the same anxiety when the professor mentions the word quiz. Assuming that classical conditioning is involved in the two different reactions to the mention of tests, it appears that Ricardo is exhibiting:
A
stimulus discrimination
22
Q
- Remembering how to ride a bike is to ______ memory as remembering the names of various U.S. presidents is to ______ memory.
A
prodedural/semantic
23
Q
- Your friend tells you that one of her favorite memories from childhood is when her family would have “ice cream night.” Knowing that you are studying psychology, she asks you what type of memory this is. You tell her, correctly, that it is the type of long-term memory called:
A
Episodic
24
Q
- Justine became ill after eating a chicken burger. Now she not only has an intense dislike of chicken burgers but she also feels nauseated at the sight of beef burgers, fish burgers, soybean burgers, or anything that even resembles a burger. It would appear that Justine has experienced the phenomenon Pavlov called:
A
stimulus generalization
25
Q
- ______ memory includes general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.
A
Semantic
26
Q
- Your friend Peter has trained his dog to salivate every time Peter rings a bell, since the dog associates getting to eat when he hears the bell. Peter then decides to pair a light with the bell, then eventually removing the bell. Now his dog salivates when he only sees the light. Peter has just succeeded at a procedure known as:
A
higher order conditioning
27
Q
- ______ is memory with awareness while ______ is memory without awareness.
A
Explicit memory/Implicit memory
28
Q
- Memory that can be consciously recollected is to ______ memory as memory that cannot be consciously recollected is to ______ memory.
A
explicit/implicit
29
Q
- Zoran has a classically conditioned fear of rivers and lakes after he was attacked by an alligator while swimming in a river near his home. A behavioral psychologist is likely to suggest that his conditioned response (CR) can be weakened and may eventually disappear through a process called:
A
extinction
30
Q
- One of the ways information is organized into related groups in long-term memory is called:
A
clustering
31
Q
- This stage of memory has a 20-second duration.
A
short-term memory
32
Q
- About five hours after she had successfully extinguished a dog’s classically conditioned response of salivation at the sound of a bell, Dr. Sheckenov discovered that the dog once again salivated when it heard the bell. This example illustrates the phenomenon of:
A
Spontaneous Recovery
33
Q
- This stage of memory has an unlimited capacity for information.
A
Long-term
34
Q
- Erv developed a fear of attics after he was accidentally locked in his own attic by his wife. Erv’s present fear of the attic is a(n):
A
conditioned emotional response
35
Q
- This stage of memory registers environmental information.
A
Sensory Memory
36
Q
- This stage of memory has a duration of up to 3 seconds.
A
sensory memory
37
Q
- Rose has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that the motorcycle is now a(n) ______, and the heart racing and body sweating is the _______.
A
stimuls/conditioned response
38
Q
- What is the capacity for short-term memory?
A
7 ± 2
39
Q
- Which of the following perspectives posits that both mental processes and external events are involved in the learning of new behaviors?
A
Cognitive perspective
40
Q
- The American psychologist John Garcia is known for:
A
Experimentally demonstrating the learning of taste aversions in animals
41
Q
- This model describes how information in long-term memory is organized in a complex network of associations.
A
Semantic network model
42
Q
- The process of accessing what is stored in long-term memory is called:
A
retrieval
43
Q
- The American psychologist who, by means of careful experimentation, demonstrated that taste aversions in animals were learned was:
A
John Garcia
44
Q
- A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of information stored in long-term memory is(are) known as:
A
Retrieval Cue
45
Q
- When Debbie was a child she ate Captain Crunch cereal, after which she became very ill. She developed a dislike for and avoidance of this cereal. This is a classically conditioned response known as:
A
taste aversion
46
Q
- Maryanne is listening to a song while waiting for a bus. She cannot remember the vocalist, but she is certain it is in her memory somewhere, just “out of reach.” Maryanne is experiencing a retrieval failure known as:
A
tip-of-the-tongue experience
47
Q
- Some forms of chemotherapy make patients sick. Someone who has eaten vegetarian pizza just before the therapy (and is then sick) later feels ill when she sees or smells pizza. In this example of taste aversion learning, the conditioned response is the:
A
nausea felt at the sight or smell of pizza
48
Q
- As you get ready for your history exam, you are hoping that it is a multiple-choice test and not an essay test. The reason you perceive the essay test as being “more difficult” is probably because an essay relies on your ability to ______ without any retrieval cues, while the multiple-choice test measures __________
A
use recall/recognition
49
Q
- The concept that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and certain responses is referred to in learning theory as:
A
biological preparedness
50
Q
- A multiple-choice test is to ______ as a fill-in-the-blank test is to ______.
A
recognition/recall
51
Q
- The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle is also known as the ______ effect.
A
serial position
52
Q
- The development of a taste aversion likely has a(n) ______ component, such that if an animal in the wild eats a food that makes it sick, the animal is more likely to survive by avoiding that food in the future.
A
evolutionary
53
Q
- Because you are concerned that you will not do well on your math midterm, your professor suggests that you study for the exam in the same setting where you will take it. This is an example of the ______ effect.
A
context
54
Q
- Also known as the _____effect, this is the tendency to remember information more easily when retrieval occurs in the same setting where you originally learned the information.
A
context
55
Q
- Examples of the _____ principle include the context effect and mood congruence.
A
encoding specificity
56
Q
- According to the ______ specificity principle, when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, which of the following is MOST likely to lead to successful retrieval?
A
encoding
57
Q
- It has been shown that people who are depressed tend to remember more depressive events in their life when prompted. This is an example of a type of encoding specificity known as:
A
mood congruence
58
Q
- The idea that a person’s current emotional state will influence the kind of memory that can be recalled is known as _____ congruence.
A
mood
59
Q
- The study of the acquisition of voluntary behaviors was originated by an American psychology student named:
A
Edward L. Thorndike
60
Q
- Thorndike’s groundbreaking experiments with the cats in the puzzle box primarily revealed that:
A
responses followed by a satisfying effect are strength and likely to be repeated
61
Q
- The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event is also known as what type of memory?
A
Flashbulb memory
62
Q
- The tendency to recall the first items in a list is called:
A
primacy effect
63
Q
- The learning principle that proposes that responses followed by a satisfying effect are strengthened and MORE likely to occur again is called the:
A
Law of Effect
64
Q
- Known as a staunch behaviorist, ______ believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying only that which could be objectively measured and verified.
A
B. F. Skinner
65
Q
- Every time three-year-old Franklin hits his younger brother, Franklin’s mother picks Franklin up and says “No,” giving him the attention that he likely wants to begin with. What Franklin’s mother doesn’t realize is that she is conforming to a fundamental behavioral principle called ______ by reinforcing her son’s behavior when he hits his brother.
A
operarant conditioning
66
Q
- Every time three-year-old Franklin hits his younger brother, Franklin’s mother picks Franklin up and says “No,” giving him the attention that he likely wants to begin with. What Franklin’s mother doesn’t realize is that she is conforming to a fundamental behavioral principle called ______ by reinforcing her son’s behavior when he hits his brother.
A
operarant conditioning
67
Q
- After studying very hard last semester, Sasha got very good grades in all her courses. This semester, Sasha is once again studying very hard. It appears that good grades are ______ for Sasha’s studying behavior.
A
Positive Reinforcement
68
Q
- For Becca, a bad grade is a devastating experience, so she studies very hard to avoid getting them. Her study behavior is maintained by:
A
Negative Reinforcement
69
Q
- When Juanita gets paid, she uses the money to buy food to feed her family. For Juanita, money is a ______ reinforcer and food is a ______ reinforcer.
A
conditioned/primary
70
Q
- Negative reinforcement and punishment produce entirely different effects on behavior. Whereas negative reinforcement ______ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future, punishment ______ the future occurrence of the behavior.
A
always increases/always decreases
71
Q
- Every time 13-year-old Joseph disobeys his mother, she withholds a portion of his allowance. His mother is utilizing the operant conditioning technique known as:
A
negative punishment
72
Q
- The tendency to recall the final items in a list is called:
A
recency effect
73
Q
- Another term for recall is:
A
Free recall
74
Q
- Little James receives attention from his teacher in the form of a scolding every time he misbehaves. As a result, he misbehaves quite frequently. In this instance, it would appear that the teacher’s scolding is a:
A
positively reinforcing stimulus
75
Q
- The inability to recall information that was previously available is called:
A
forgetting
76
Q
- The scientific study of forgetting was begun by the German psychologist ______ over a century ago.
A
Herman Ebbinghaus
77
Q
- One of the MOST common reasons for forgetting is ______ failure.
A
encoding
78
Q
- Also referred to as ______, this operant conditioning procedure involves teaching a new behavior by means of prompting and reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the goal behavior.
A
shaping
79
Q
- Harry is learning to crawl and every time he gets on his knees his mother applauds and says, “Go, Harry!” Harry’s mother is using a(n) ______ schedule of reinforcement.
A
continuous
80
Q
- The brief but intense feeling of remembering a particular scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time, is known as:
A
deja vu
81
Q
- The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned only sometimes, thus causing them to be more resistant to extinction, is known as:
A
the partial reinforcement
82
Q
- The hypothesis that there are normal metabolic processes occurring over time in the brain that permit a natural forgetting of memories is also known as ____________ theory.
A
decay
83
Q
- Malia has taken two consecutive semesters of biology. The second semester was similar to the first in content, but it was more advanced and had more lab work. According to ___i___ theory, Malia is likely to forget what she learned the first semester because what she was presented with in the second semester was similar.
A
interference
84
Q
- Helmut works for his university as a telephone solicitor for a fund-raising drive. He is paid a set amount of money for every ten calls he makes, regardless of whether he is successful in raising funds. Helmut’s telephoning is reinforced on a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
A
fixed ratio (FR
85
Q
- A new memory interfering with the ability to remember an old memory is to ______ interference, as an old memory interfering with the ability to remember a new memory is to ______ interference.
A
retroactive//proactive
86
Q
- Mrs. Soto has just moved to a new home and calls the postal service to have her mail forwarded to the new address. When she is asked for her new address, she instinctively gives her old address. This example of ______ interference means that Mrs. Soto’s ability to remember her new address is being affected by her memory of the old address.
A
proactive
87
Q
- Ever since Tyra got her new fax machine and hooked up her computer to the Internet, her phone is often busy. It is difficult for her parents to know when to call her, so they try at random times. It appears that their phoning Tyra is reinforced on a ______ schedule.
A
VI(variable interval)
88
Q
- This term is used to describe any active behavior that operates on the environment to generate consequences.
A
Operant behavior
89
Q
- Tom has had a terrible day—he failed his driving test, bounced a check, and had a bad haircut. Before he goes to bed, Tom decides to read a race-car driving magazine in a deliberate and conscious attempt to forget about his day before he goes to sleep. Through this act of motivated forgetting called ______, Tom will hopefully make the memory of his bad day less accessible.
A
suppresion
90
Q
- Every time you start your car it makes an annoying ding sound, and the sound continues, even while you are driving, until you fasten your seatbelt. Once you buckle up, the annoying dinging stops. This is an example of:
A
Negative Reinforcement
91
Q
- Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously is known as:
A
repression
92
Q
- This is an operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.
A
shaping
93
Q
- The behavioral researcher Edward C. Tolman proposed that learning can occur without reinforcement and without being manifested in actual performance improvement. This type of learning, known as ______, showed that rats formed “cognitive maps” of mazes even without being reinforced.
A
latent learning
94
Q
- Which of the following involves a brief but intense feeling of familiarity in a new situation?
A
Deja vu
95
Q
- When, as a result of past experience, a person believes that personal outcomes are uncontrollable, ______ can occur.
A
learned helplessness
96
Q
- A memory distortion that occurs when the true origin of the memory is forgotten is also known as:
A
source confusion
97
Q
- One night you dream that your college roommate got married. When you run into her in a coffee shop about a year later and ask her how the wedding was, she tells you that she is not married. This form of memory distortion is also known as:
A
source confusion
98
Q
- A wellness program has been instituted at your local community center and this week it is focusing on people struggling with depression. Given what you have learned in your studies of Seligman’s work on ______, you recognize that depression is often connected to the idea that adverse events are inescapable and uncontrollable.
A
learned helplessness
99
Q
- The recollection of something that did not actually occur that is often distorted and fabricated is also known as a:
A
false memory
100
Q
- Organized clusters of information about a particular topic are called:
A
schemas
101
Q
- An animal’s tendency to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response is called:
A
instinctive drift
102
Q
- Two times a week Joey’s mother lets him watch a video on trucks. He has now developed the ability to easily name every type of truck. This ability is the result of:
A
observational learning
103
Q
- A person is MORE likely to experience a false memory of an event if the actions constituting the event are ______ the person’s script or schema of that situation.
A
consistent with
104
Q
- The memory phenomenon known as ______ involves a person’s an increasing confidence that an event occurred if the event was vividly pictured.
A
imagination inflation
105
Q
- Severe memory loss is also known as:
A
amnesia
106
Q
- Loss of memory, especially for episodic information, is called ______ amnesia.
A
retrograde
107
Q
- Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories is called ______ amnesia.
A
anterograde
108
Q
- Mr. Kalsi’s new portable air conditioner came with an instructional video showing the step-by-step procedure for installation and operation of the unit. After carefully watching the video, Mr. Kalsi was successful in setting up and operating the new machine. This example illustrates the type of learning called:
A
observational learning
109
Q
- The inability to remember some or all of one’s past is to ______ as the inability to form new memories is to ______.
A
retrograde ammesia/
anterograde amnesia
110
Q
- The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring long-term memory codes is also known as:
A
memory consolidation
111
Q
- Memories involved made without conscious awareness are to ______ memories as memories made with conscious awareness are to __t____ memories.
A
implicit/explici
112
Q
- Five-year-old Jim and six-year-old John watched Superman cartoons all morning. In the early afternoon, they donned beach towels as capes, climbed on top of the garage roof, and got ready to fly. Their startled mother stopped them in time, but she was forcefully reminded of the powerful influence of ______ on behavior.
A
observational learning
113
Q
- The experimental investigation of observational learning that emphasizes the role of cognitive factors can be largely credited to American psychologist:
A
Albert Bandura
