Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- The group of related mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information is called:
A
memory
2
Q
- The process called ____ involves transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
A
encoding
3
Q
- A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience is called:
A
learning
4
Q
- The two primary types of conditioning discussed in the text are ______ and ______.
A
operant/ classical
5
Q
- The process of retaining information in memory so it can be used at a later time is called:
A
storage
6
Q
- Your mother has recently undergone testing by a memory specialist. The doctor tells her that her test results show that her encoding and storage functions are fine, but that ______, one of the three fundamental processes involved in memory, is not functioning well.
A
retrieving
7
Q
- The stage model of memory involves ______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
A
sensory
8
Q
- The basis of learning in ______ is the association of two stimuli, the CS and the UCS.
A
classical conditioning
9
Q
- Which of the following is the MOST accurate characterization of sensory memory?
A
It has a large capacity for information and a brief duration.
10
Q
- Short-term memory is also referred to as:
A
working memory
11
Q
- Ms. Jones is holding her six-month-old niece Mischa who is hungry and beginning to get fussy. When Mischa’s mother walks through the door, Ms. Jones notices that Mischa begins to drool just at the sight of her mother. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Mischa’s drool is a(n):
A
conditioned response
12
Q
- In Pavlov’s famous dog experiments, the dogs learned to salivate at the mere sound of a bell ringing. However, prior to conditioning, it was the food in the dog’s mouth that caused the salivation, or the:
A
unconditioned response (UCR)
13
Q
- Visual sensory memory is to ______ as auditory sensory memory is to ______.
A
iconic memory/echoic memory
14
Q
- The purpose of maintenance rehearsal is to maintain information beyond the usual 20-second duration of:
A
short-term memory
15
Q
- The “magic number” in memory, famously known as seven plus or minus two (now considered more likely to be four plus or minus one), refers to the capacity available in ______ memory to store information.
A
short-term
16
Q
- The first time Mrs. Tucker ate sour candy her mouth puckered. Now, if she even sees a piece of sour candy, her mouth puckers. The sour candy in Mrs. Tucker’s mouth that caused the original reaction would be called the ______, in classical conditioning
A
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
17
Q
- The ever-familiar terms USA, FBI, and MTV are easy to remember because they involve a short-term memorization strategy known as ______, in which related items are grouped together into a single unit.
A
chucking
18
Q
- Which of the following is an accurate statement about long-term memory?
A
capacity
19
Q
- Dr. Frolov classically conditioned a dog to flex his hind leg at the sound of a bell by pairing the ringing of a bell with a mild electric shock to the dog’s leg. In this example, the ringing bell is the:
A
conditioned stimuls (CS)
20
Q
- The three major categories of information stored in ______ memory are procedural, episodic, and semantic memory.
A
long-term
21
Q
- Ricardo always gets nervous and apprehensive whenever his professor says the word exam, but he seldom feels the same anxiety when the professor mentions the word quiz. Assuming that classical conditioning is involved in the two different reactions to the mention of tests, it appears that Ricardo is exhibiting:
A
stimulus discrimination
22
Q
- Remembering how to ride a bike is to ______ memory as remembering the names of various U.S. presidents is to ______ memory.
A
prodedural/semantic
23
Q
- Your friend tells you that one of her favorite memories from childhood is when her family would have “ice cream night.” Knowing that you are studying psychology, she asks you what type of memory this is. You tell her, correctly, that it is the type of long-term memory called:
A
Episodic
24
Q
- Justine became ill after eating a chicken burger. Now she not only has an intense dislike of chicken burgers but she also feels nauseated at the sight of beef burgers, fish burgers, soybean burgers, or anything that even resembles a burger. It would appear that Justine has experienced the phenomenon Pavlov called:
A
stimulus generalization
25
Q
- ______ memory includes general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.
A
Semantic
26
Q
- Your friend Peter has trained his dog to salivate every time Peter rings a bell, since the dog associates getting to eat when he hears the bell. Peter then decides to pair a light with the bell, then eventually removing the bell. Now his dog salivates when he only sees the light. Peter has just succeeded at a procedure known as:
A
higher order conditioning
27
Q
- ______ is memory with awareness while ______ is memory without awareness.
A
Explicit memory/Implicit memory
28
Q
- Memory that can be consciously recollected is to ______ memory as memory that cannot be consciously recollected is to ______ memory.
A
explicit/implicit
29
Q
- Zoran has a classically conditioned fear of rivers and lakes after he was attacked by an alligator while swimming in a river near his home. A behavioral psychologist is likely to suggest that his conditioned response (CR) can be weakened and may eventually disappear through a process called:
A
extinction
30
Q
- One of the ways information is organized into related groups in long-term memory is called:
A
clustering
31
Q
- This stage of memory has a 20-second duration.
A
short-term memory
32
Q
- About five hours after she had successfully extinguished a dog’s classically conditioned response of salivation at the sound of a bell, Dr. Sheckenov discovered that the dog once again salivated when it heard the bell. This example illustrates the phenomenon of:
A
Spontaneous Recovery
33
Q
- This stage of memory has an unlimited capacity for information.
A
Long-term
34
Q
- Erv developed a fear of attics after he was accidentally locked in his own attic by his wife. Erv’s present fear of the attic is a(n):
A
conditioned emotional response
35
Q
- This stage of memory registers environmental information.
A
Sensory Memory
36
Q
- This stage of memory has a duration of up to 3 seconds.
A
sensory memory
37
Q
- Rose has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that the motorcycle is now a(n) ______, and the heart racing and body sweating is the _______.
A
stimuls/conditioned response
38
Q
- What is the capacity for short-term memory?
A
7 ± 2
39
Q
- Which of the following perspectives posits that both mental processes and external events are involved in the learning of new behaviors?
A
Cognitive perspective
40
Q
- The American psychologist John Garcia is known for:
A
Experimentally demonstrating the learning of taste aversions in animals
41
Q
- This model describes how information in long-term memory is organized in a complex network of associations.
A
Semantic network model
42
Q
- The process of accessing what is stored in long-term memory is called:
A
retrieval
43
Q
- The American psychologist who, by means of careful experimentation, demonstrated that taste aversions in animals were learned was:
A
John Garcia
44
Q
- A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of information stored in long-term memory is(are) known as:
A
Retrieval Cue
45
Q
- When Debbie was a child she ate Captain Crunch cereal, after which she became very ill. She developed a dislike for and avoidance of this cereal. This is a classically conditioned response known as:
A
taste aversion
