PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 9

Question 1

define hormone

Answer 1

signalling molecule that is transported between organs of body by vascular system

Question 2

compare NT and hormone on onset speed

Answer 2

NT: fast acting
hormone: slow acting

Question 3

compare NT and hormone on distance

Answer 3

NT; short
hormone; long

Question 4

compare NT and hormone on pathway movements

Answer 4

NT: restricted to nerve pathways
hormones: anywhere via circulatory system

Question 5

compare NT and hormone on duration

Answer 5

NT: short action durations
hormones: long duration

Question 6

compare NT and hormone on if actions are digital/analogue

Answer 6

NT: digital action via neuron signalling
hormone: analogue action, continuously variable

Question 7

compare NT and hormone on target/diffuse actions

Answer 7

NT: targeted action
hormones: diffuse action

Question 8

what does hypothalamus do regarding hormone

Answer 8

master controller overviewing our current state and making adjustment to physiology, behaviour via several route (including hormone)

Question 9

what are sensory inputs into hypothalamus

Answer 9

visceral and somatic sensory pathways, chemosensory and humoral signals

Question 10

what contextual info inputs into hypothalamus, for master controller

Answer 10

cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampal formation

Question 11

what motivational states is physical regulated in accordance to, by hormones

Answer 11

arousal, aggression, hunger, fear, fatigue

Question 12

what bodily processes are regulated via hormones

Answer 12

digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, sleep, excretion, lactation, growth and development, movement, reproduction

Question 13

outline pathway for hormone when released from hypothalamus

Answer 13

activate pituitary which release hormone

Question 14

explain roles of anterior pituitary

Answer 14

halfway house cause release of hormones acting on thyroid, adrenal cortex, testes/ovaries, growth hormones, mammary glands, pain receptor

Question 15

explain roles of posterior pituitary

Answer 15

oxytocin and ADH

Question 16

define chromosomal sex - fixed

Answer 16

differences in allosome pair associated with biological aspects of phenotypic sex and so 23rd pair is referred to as sex chromosomes

Question 17

define phenotypic sex (modifiable)

Answer 17

external genilatia and secondary sex characteristics, can heavily influence perception of gender

Question 18

define gender - constructed

Answer 18

emerge from self-appraisal in context of social of cultural norms

Question 19

define sex

Answer 19

inflexible biological component of male-female difference (chromosomes, reproductive organ, gonadal hormone titers)

Question 20

define gender

Answer 20

psychosocial manifestations = identity, behaviours, appearance, social role

Question 21

what chromosomal defect does turner syndrome cause

Answer 21

XO, missing X chromomsome

Question 22

what is the impact on girls with turner syndrome

Answer 22

shorter, impaired ovaries, reduced oestrogen/progesterone causes underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, infertility

Question 23

how is turner syndrome treated

Answer 23

oestrogen, progesterone

Question 24

name chromosomal disorder in girls

Answer 24

turner syndrome

Question 25

what are 2 chromosomal disorders in males

Answer 25

klinefelter XXY

Question 26

what is chromosomal defect in Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 26

XXY in males

Question 27

what is the physical impact of klinefelter syndrome in male

Answer 27

taller, impaired testicle, less testosterone, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics less hair, breasts and feminie fat distribution and osteoporosis infertility

Question 28

what is the mental impact of klinefelter syndrome in male

Answer 28

language problems, reading difficulty, impaired EF, delayed motor development

Question 29

what is treatment for klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 29

testosterone

Question 30

how does XYY syndrome impact males

Answer 30

taller, learning/speech dev prob but usually mild overall normal IQ acne can never get diagnosis normal fertility

Question 31

what is treatment for XYY syndrome

Answer 31

supported learning

Question 32

what is Y chromosomes often called, why

Answer 32

functional wasteland most of DNA junk and not code for any specific gene

Question 33

what is SRY gene important for

Answer 33

diversion toward male biological development in utero ( weeks 6 to 8)

Question 34

if initially a XY zygote, what does chemically blocking SRY gene do

Answer 34

cause genetically male with ovaries

Question 35

if initially a XX zygote, what does injecting SRY protein do

Answer 35

cause genetically female with testes

Question 36

what led to chromosomal screening being eliminated by IOC

Answer 36

some female athelte with SRY gene have insensitivity to androgen, so phenotypically female and no advantages

Question 37

when hypothalamus releases GRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone), what does this cause

Answer 37

anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, causing either testosterone, oestrogen/progesterone release

Question 38

explain how hormone release can be pulsatile

Answer 38

release very slow, but when needs change ie in puberty, can be change in release rate increased rate toward puberty, causing increased LH/FSH signalling and sex hormones release

Question 39

in females post-puberty, outline role of change in pulsatility in GnRH released

Answer 39

regulate menstrual cycle slow in luteal, increase in follicular and pre ovulatory

Question 40

can neuroscience explain sex and gender?

Answer 40

can explore sex-related difference in brain structure/function and can inform understanding of gender, gender identity but cannot provide answesr

Question 41

how much heavier is the male brain

Answer 41

10%

Question 42

outline who reaches max brain volumes first

Answer 42

female, similar to puberty/adult height onsets

Question 43

outline gender differences in amygdala

Answer 43

small diff in volume, but only 1% cortical volume slightly thicker in females but sensitive to research methods

Question 44

what skills do men outperform women

Answer 44

physical, spatial but area tends to be alrger in women

Question 45

outline gender differences about brain connections

Answer 45

male brain less efficient connection, more lateralised (larger corpus callosum) but this difference often disappears

Question 46

what are gender differences in personality

Answer 46

interests and cognitive/emot abilities but no neural differences

Question 47

what is human brain mosaic

Answer 47

shows variation across individuals within gender category is greater than between categories no male-female continuums some feature tend to be more men/women, but can have combination