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PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 3 > Flashcards

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

define motor control

A

dynamically changing mix of conscious + unconscious regulation of muscle force, informed by continuous, complex sensory feedback, operating in framework originated from evolutionary pressure

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2
Q

name 4 types of motor control

A

voluntary, goal-directed, habit, involuntary

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3
Q

name examples of voluntary motor control

A

running, walking, talking

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4
Q

name examples of involuntary motor control

A

eye movement, facial expression, jaw, tongue, postural muscle, cardiac, intercostals, digestive tract

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5
Q

name examples of goal-directed motor control

A

conscious, explicit, controlled

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6
Q

name examples of habit motor control

A

unconscious, implicit, automatic

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7
Q

outline hierarchical control architecture, an evolutionary perspective for motor control

A

fall response to protect head and torso etc
hierarchy of complexity, with more complex, sophisticated threat detection, avoidances behaviour requiring additional complexity from neural system

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8
Q

in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for learned threat

A

learned threat - cortex and limbic system - innate fear/learnt fear - requires cortical memory processing, to run/negotiate
eg learn gun is bad, avoidance behaviour

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9
Q

in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for looming threat

A

looming threat - sensorimotor midbrain - require visual system to detect object change, moving toward us - coordinated activity of limb to freeze/hide
(defence related output, avoidance behaviours)

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10
Q

in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for pain

A

pain - spinal cord - reflex response (defence related output, escape behaviour)

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11
Q

for learnt threats, what is our output and behaviour in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for

A

output = run/negotiate
avoidance behaviour

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12
Q

for looming threat, what is our output and behaviour in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for

A

defense related output
avoidance behaviour

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13
Q

for pain, what is our output and behaviour in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for

A

defence related output
escape behaviour

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14
Q

outline all or none manner for muscles

A

individual muscle fibres act in all or none way,
control of muscle force depends on way in which lower motor neurons activate different types of muscle fibre (force depends on number of muscle fibres contracting)

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15
Q

name 3 types of muscle

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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16
Q

outline sliding filament model

A

interlocking filament (actin, myosin) form cross-bridge
Ach release triggers biochemical cascade
myosin head lock onto actin, walks along
release of Ach lead to release of Ca inside muscle, cause myosin head to change shape so bind with actin
ATP required to break bond

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17
Q

outline sliding filament models in rigor mortis

A

ATP produced by oxidative metabolism, stops in death
muscle contract, stay contracted until enzyme breakdown actin/myosin

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18
Q

what 2 functional requirement do average number of muscle fibres innervated by single motor neuron (motor unit) depend on, for that muscle

A
  1. level of control - size of motor unit (small unit has high control) and how many fibre neuron innervates (small ratio 1:2 high control, but many eg 1:34 has high strength but low control)
  2. strength
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19
Q

what is size principle for motor units and muscle force

A

units recruited in order of size (smallest first), fine control typically required at lower forces

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20
Q

when are slow twitch muscle fibres used, and what force do they express

A

posture, sat down
with low forces

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21
Q

when are fast fatigue resistant muscle fibres used, and what force do they express

A

walking, running
medium force

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22
Q

when are fast fatigable muscle fibres used, and what force do they express

A

throwing
and high force

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23
Q

where do lower motor neuron begin, and where do they project

A

have soma
begin in grey matter of brainstem/spinal cord
project to muscle

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24
Q

where do upper motor neuron begin, and where do they project

A

originate in higher centre
project down to meet lower motor neuron
(go from brain to spinal cord)

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25
Q

overview pathway of descending control system (with lots of ascending feedback) = starting at association cortex

A

association cortex - motor cortex - brainstem circuits - spinal circuits - motor unit - effect on world

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26
Q

define motor unit

A

single alpha motor neuron and all fibres it innervates

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27
Q

what does less fibres innervated by motor neuron mean

A

greater movement resolutino

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28
Q

what does activation of alpha motor neuron cause

A

depolarises and cause contraction of all muscle fibres in that unit= all or none

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29
Q

when more motor unit fire, what does this mean

A

more fibres contract = more power

30
Q

what is a motor pool

A

all lower motor neuron innervating single muscle
motor pool contain both alpha and gamma motor neurons
motor pool often arranged in rod like shape within ventral horn of spinal column

31
Q

what is a reflex

A

can be simple, complex
operate without engaging brain and critical for avoidance of injury and effective motor control

32
Q

what does proporioception detect

A

how much tension on muscle (golgi-tendon organ)
what is length/stretch of muscles (muscle spindle)

33
Q

what is a golgi tendon organ

A

within tendon, send ascending sensory info to brain via spinal cord on how much force on muscle
under extreme tension can inhibit muscle fibres via circuit in spinal cord to prevent damage

34
Q

what is a muscle spindle

A

detect length, stretch reflex
key part of reflex circuits, prevent injury

35
Q

give example of most simple reflex

A

monosynaptic eg; patellar tendon reflex

36
Q

what are extrafusal muscle fibre

A

attach to alpha motor neurons (which joins at motor pool)

37
Q

what are intrafusual muscle fibre

A

part of muscle spindle (detecting muscle length change)
if intrafusal fibre controlled by same motor neuron as extrafusal, if muscle slack or taught then system not sensitive to slight change, so intrafusal fibres innervated separately by gamma motor neurons
keeps fibre at set length to optomise muscle stretch detection

38
Q

outline structure of sensory fibres

A

coiled around intrafusal fibres

39
Q

outline arrangement of alpha motor neuron

A

originate in spinal cord, soma in ventral horn
is activated by sensory info from muscle and descending info from brain

40
Q

what is Reciprocal innervation principle (Sherrington law of reciprocal innervation)

A

explain why contraction of 1 muscle induces relaxation of other in an antagonistic pair, allowing smooth movement

41
Q

outline buttered cat paradox

A

cat always land on feet as more complex reflex (vestibular righting reflexes)

42
Q

outline vestibular righting reflex (buttered cat paradox)

A

vestibular system detect body not upright (orientation) and acceleration from gravity (falling)
vestibular info, combined with visual, somatosensory, proprioceptive input in order to specify pattern of motor activity to restore upright positions

43
Q

outline role of cerebellum in vestibular righting reflex

A

computes desired motor activites

44
Q

what is brainstem for

A

motor control and speech (primitive sound)
coordinates different muscle groups to produce sound (larynx, cardiopulmary, brain)

45
Q

give issues with homunculus

A

oversimplification
damaging single finger area doesn’t mean lost voluntary control in whole finger

46
Q

where do pyramidal cell axons project (from motor cortex)

A

directly/indirectly to spinal cord and onto lower brainstem motor neuron (axons form pyramidal tracy)

47
Q

outline projection of dorsolateral tract from motor cortex

A

red nucleus, innervate contralateral side of 1 segment of spinal cord, project to distal muscle (fingers)

48
Q

outline projection of ventromedial tract from motor cortex

A

via tectum, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, cranial nerve nuclei
diffuse innervation project to both side, multiple segments of spinal cord
project to proximal muscle in trunk and limbs

49
Q

define basal ganglia

A

group of nuclei deep in cerebral hemispheres beneath cortex that act as gate-keeper for control of motor system

50
Q

what does basal ganglia receive excitatory input from, where does it output it to

A

from many areas of cortex (as glutamate)
output back to cortex via the thalamus

51
Q

what is basal ganglia output type

A

mostly inhibitory, via GABA and quieten down cortical activities

52
Q

what principle nuclei does basal ganglia often use

A

substantia nigra
striatum (caudate + putamen)
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus

53
Q

how does basal ganglia work as selection mechanism

A

decide what most important task is then channel resource into that
disinhibitory gating of motor cortex output

54
Q

define cerebellum

A

parallel processor, enabling smooth coordinated movement, and may be important in range of cognitive tasks

55
Q

is cerebellum excitatory or inhibitory, and whats its role

A

excitatory, doesn’t project to lower motor neuron but instead modulate activity of upper motor neurons

56
Q

what are input into cerebellum

A

spinal cord, cerebral cortex via pons, vestibular system

57
Q

what does cerebellum output to

A

thalamus, via motor cortex

58
Q

what is cortical input to cerebellum mainly from

A

motor cortex
somatosensory and visual areas of parietal

59
Q

what is spinal input into cerebellum

A

proprioceptive info about limb position, movements

60
Q

what is vestibular input into cerebellum

A

rotational and acceleratory head movement

61
Q

name 3 cerebellar function

A
  1. know what current motor commands are (from cortical input)
  2. know about actual body position, movements (from spinal/vestibular input)
  3. project back to motor cortex (compute motor error and adjusts cortical motor commands)
62
Q

what is BCI

A

brain computer interface (controlled exoskeleton)

63
Q

what can BCI be used by

A

people with severe muscle paralysis = control robot arm, motor driven hand orthosis, neuromuscular FES device for reaching, grasping, manipulating objects of daily living

64
Q

name invasive BCI, issues

A

electrocortiography
infection, bleeding, surgery, glial scar formation, neuronal loss, extensive training

65
Q

name positives for non invasive BCI

A

based on EEG brain recordings, stroke survivor can use and aid plasticity to restore motor function

66
Q

name solutions of BCI limitations

A

non-invasive hybrids to merge brain and neural signals
give feedback for success, learn intentional movement

67
Q

strengths of BCI

A

voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm improve stroke outcome
avoid learned non-uses

68
Q

what is learned non-use

A

stroke survivor prefer using unaffected side, correlating with low autonomy, quality of life, increased anxiety/depression

69
Q

name 3 types of portable exoskeleton, evaluation

A

rigid= exerting high force, high accuracy but obtrusive, heavy, injury
soft= bendy and less bulky, adapt to body shape but reduced control accuracy
hybrid

70
Q
A

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 (4 decks)

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