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PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 3 > Flashcards

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

define motor control

A

dynamically changing mix of conscious + unconscious regulation of muscle force, informed by continuous, complex sensory feedback, operating in framework originated from evolutionary pressure

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2
Q

name 4 types of motor control

A

voluntary, goal-directed, habit, involuntary

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3
Q

name examples of voluntary motor control

A

running, walking, talking

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4
Q

name examples of involuntary motor control

A

eye movement, facial expression, jaw, tongue, postural muscle, cardiac, intercostals, digestive tract

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5
Q

name examples of goal-directed motor control

A

conscious, explicit, controlled

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6
Q

name examples of habit motor control

A

unconscious, implicit, automatic

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7
Q

outline hierarchical control architecture, an evolutionary perspective for motor control

A

fall response to protect head and torso etc
hierarchy of complexity, with more complex, sophisticated threat detection, avoidances behaviour requiring additional complexity from neural system

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8
Q

in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for learned threat

A

learned threat - cortex and limbic system - innate fear/learnt fear - requires cortical memory processing, to run/negotiate
eg learn gun is bad, avoidance behaviour

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9
Q

in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for looming threat

A

looming threat - sensorimotor midbrain - require visual system to detect object change, moving toward us - coordinated activity of limb to freeze/hide
(defence related output, avoidance behaviours)

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10
Q

in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for pain

A

pain - spinal cord - reflex response (defence related output, escape behaviour)

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11
Q

for learnt threats, what is our output and behaviour in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for

A

output = run/negotiate
avoidance behaviour

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12
Q

for looming threat, what is our output and behaviour in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for

A

defense related output
avoidance behaviour

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13
Q

for pain, what is our output and behaviour in hierarchical control architecture (evolutionary perspective for motor control), outline pathway for

A

defence related output
escape behaviour

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14
Q

outline all or none manner for muscles

A

individual muscle fibres act in all or none way,
control of muscle force depends on way in which lower motor neurons activate different types of muscle fibre (force depends on number of muscle fibres contracting)

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15
Q

name 3 types of muscle

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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16
Q

outline sliding filament model

A

interlocking filament (actin, myosin) form cross-bridge
Ach release triggers biochemical cascade
myosin head lock onto actin, walks along
release of Ach lead to release of Ca inside muscle, cause myosin head to change shape so bind with actin
ATP required to break bond

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17
Q

outline sliding filament models in rigor mortis

A

ATP produced by oxidative metabolism, stops in death
muscle contract, stay contracted until enzyme breakdown actin/myosin

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18
Q

what 2 functional requirement do average number of muscle fibres innervated by single motor neuron (motor unit) depend on, for that muscle

A
  1. level of control - size of motor unit (small unit has high control) and how many fibre neuron innervates (small ratio 1:2 high control, but many eg 1:34 has high strength but low control)
  2. strength
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19
Q

what is size principle for motor units and muscle force

A

units recruited in order of size (smallest first), fine control typically required at lower forces

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20
Q

when are slow twitch muscle fibres used, and what force do they express

A

posture, sat down
with low forces

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21
Q

when are fast fatigue resistant muscle fibres used, and what force do they express

A

walking, running
medium force

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22
Q

when are fast fatigable muscle fibres used, and what force do they express

A

throwing
and high force

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23
Q

where do lower motor neuron begin, and where do they project

A

have soma
begin in grey matter of brainstem/spinal cord
project to muscle

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24
Q

where do upper motor neuron begin, and where do they project

A

originate in higher centre
project down to meet lower motor neuron
(go from brain to spinal cord)

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25
overview pathway of descending control system (with lots of ascending feedback) = starting at association cortex
association cortex - motor cortex - brainstem circuits - spinal circuits - motor unit - effect on world
26
define motor unit
single alpha motor neuron and all fibres it innervates
27
what does less fibres innervated by motor neuron mean
greater movement resolutino
28
what does activation of alpha motor neuron cause
depolarises and cause contraction of all muscle fibres in that unit= all or none
29
when more motor unit fire, what does this mean
more fibres contract = more power
30
what is a motor pool
all lower motor neuron innervating single muscle motor pool contain both alpha and gamma motor neurons motor pool often arranged in rod like shape within ventral horn of spinal column
31
what is a reflex
can be simple, complex operate without engaging brain and critical for avoidance of injury and effective motor control
32
what does proporioception detect
how much tension on muscle (golgi-tendon organ) what is length/stretch of muscles (muscle spindle)
33
what is a golgi tendon organ
within tendon, send ascending sensory info to brain via spinal cord on how much force on muscle under extreme tension can inhibit muscle fibres via circuit in spinal cord to prevent damage
34
what is a muscle spindle
detect length, stretch reflex key part of reflex circuits, prevent injury
35
give example of most simple reflex
monosynaptic eg; patellar tendon reflex
36
what are extrafusal muscle fibre
attach to alpha motor neurons (which joins at motor pool)
37
what are intrafusual muscle fibre
part of muscle spindle (detecting muscle length change) if intrafusal fibre controlled by same motor neuron as extrafusal, if muscle slack or taught then system not sensitive to slight change, so intrafusal fibres innervated separately by gamma motor neurons keeps fibre at set length to optomise muscle stretch detection
38
outline structure of sensory fibres
coiled around intrafusal fibres
39
outline arrangement of alpha motor neuron
originate in spinal cord, soma in ventral horn is activated by sensory info from muscle and descending info from brain
40
what is Reciprocal innervation principle (Sherrington law of reciprocal innervation)
explain why contraction of 1 muscle induces relaxation of other in an antagonistic pair, allowing smooth movement
41
outline buttered cat paradox
cat always land on feet as more complex reflex (vestibular righting reflexes)
42
outline vestibular righting reflex (buttered cat paradox)
vestibular system detect body not upright (orientation) and acceleration from gravity (falling) vestibular info, combined with visual, somatosensory, proprioceptive input in order to specify pattern of motor activity to restore upright positions
43
outline role of cerebellum in vestibular righting reflex
computes desired motor activites
44
what is brainstem for
motor control and speech (primitive sound) coordinates different muscle groups to produce sound (larynx, cardiopulmary, brain)
45
give issues with homunculus
oversimplification damaging single finger area doesn't mean lost voluntary control in whole finger
46
where do pyramidal cell axons project (from motor cortex)
directly/indirectly to spinal cord and onto lower brainstem motor neuron (axons form pyramidal tracy)
47
outline projection of dorsolateral tract from motor cortex
red nucleus, innervate contralateral side of 1 segment of spinal cord, project to distal muscle (fingers)
48
outline projection of ventromedial tract from motor cortex
via tectum, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, cranial nerve nuclei diffuse innervation project to both side, multiple segments of spinal cord project to proximal muscle in trunk and limbs
49
define basal ganglia
group of nuclei deep in cerebral hemispheres beneath cortex that act as gate-keeper for control of motor system
50
what does basal ganglia receive excitatory input from, where does it output it to
from many areas of cortex (as glutamate) output back to cortex via the thalamus
51
what is basal ganglia output type
mostly inhibitory, via GABA and quieten down cortical activities
52
what principle nuclei does basal ganglia often use
substantia nigra striatum (caudate + putamen) globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus
53
how does basal ganglia work as selection mechanism
decide what most important task is then channel resource into that disinhibitory gating of motor cortex output
54
define cerebellum
parallel processor, enabling smooth coordinated movement, and may be important in range of cognitive tasks
55
is cerebellum excitatory or inhibitory, and whats its role
excitatory, doesn't project to lower motor neuron but instead modulate activity of upper motor neurons
56
what are input into cerebellum
spinal cord, cerebral cortex via pons, vestibular system
57
what does cerebellum output to
thalamus, via motor cortex
58
what is cortical input to cerebellum mainly from
motor cortex somatosensory and visual areas of parietal
59
what is spinal input into cerebellum
proprioceptive info about limb position, movements
60
what is vestibular input into cerebellum
rotational and acceleratory head movement
61
name 3 cerebellar function
1. know what current motor commands are (from cortical input) 2. know about actual body position, movements (from spinal/vestibular input) 3. project back to motor cortex (compute motor error and adjusts cortical motor commands)
62
what is BCI
brain computer interface (controlled exoskeleton)
63
what can BCI be used by
people with severe muscle paralysis = control robot arm, motor driven hand orthosis, neuromuscular FES device for reaching, grasping, manipulating objects of daily living
64
name invasive BCI, issues
electrocortiography infection, bleeding, surgery, glial scar formation, neuronal loss, extensive training
65
name positives for non invasive BCI
based on EEG brain recordings, stroke survivor can use and aid plasticity to restore motor function
66
name solutions of BCI limitations
non-invasive hybrids to merge brain and neural signals give feedback for success, learn intentional movement
67
strengths of BCI
voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm improve stroke outcome avoid learned non-uses
68
what is learned non-use
stroke survivor prefer using unaffected side, correlating with low autonomy, quality of life, increased anxiety/depression
69
name 3 types of portable exoskeleton, evaluation
rigid= exerting high force, high accuracy but obtrusive, heavy, injury soft= bendy and less bulky, adapt to body shape but reduced control accuracy hybrid
70

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 (8 decks)

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