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PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10 > Flashcards

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of nuclei is there strong evidence for being involved in sexual, reproductive behaviour

A

hypothalamic nuclei, suggest hormone act perinatally to drive differentiation of several hypothalamic nuclei

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2
Q

why is sexual behaviour difficult to study

A

private, hard to define, vary across individual/culture,
intra-individual variation (age, dev, cirucmstance, life event, wellbeing)

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3
Q

in male rats, what area of hypothalamus is important for motor sexual behaviours

A

medial preoptic area (MPAO)

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4
Q

what does lesioning MPAO hypothalamus in male rats do

A

stops behaviour, stimulation elicit behaviours

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5
Q

does MPAO hypothalamus in male rats command motor plan or produce motivational state

A

motivational states, in line with general hypothalamic function

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6
Q

what part of hypothalamus in female rats is responsible for lordosis

A

ventromedial nucleus

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7
Q

what does electrical stimulation of VMN in male rats do

A

elicits lordosis

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8
Q

what are the kinsey reports

A

taxonomy of human sexual behaviour based on interview
studied type, frequency
widely cited in academic literature

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9
Q

name weaknesses of kinsey reports

A

statistical/sampling issues

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10
Q

what was Masters & Johnson research into sexual behaviours and disorders in 1950/60

A

measure aspects of intercourse or masturbation in lab

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11
Q

what resulted from Masters & Johnson research into human sexual behaviour

A

highly influential 4-stage model for human sexual behaviour - sexual responses cycle

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12
Q

name 4 stages in Sexual response cycle

A

desire
plateau
orgasm
resolutino

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13
Q

what is more recent work in sex including

A

redefining term, adding variability into cycle, determining neuroanatomical correlates of components of cycle

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14
Q

what 3 major components linked to distinct brain systems, in regard to sex

A

wanting, liking, learning

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15
Q

what factors impacts on sexual desire

A

attitude, opportunity, partner availability, health, mood

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16
Q

what does sexual desire require

A

implicit sensory stimulus evaluated as being sexual salient by past experience

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17
Q

what is role of cerebral and sensorimotor cortex for sex

A

cerebral= trigger autonomic response
sensorimotor= voluntary movements, higher order associative areas for mental imageries

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18
Q

define sexual identity

A

capture aspect of both gender identity and sexual orientation

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19
Q

in animal models, what can lead to opposite sex/same-sex preferences

A

perinatal sex hormone exposure
castration
lesions

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20
Q

what is fraternal birth order effect

A

more brothers, mean more likely to identify as gay
effect still there if raised in different household, but not step-brother/adopted brother, implying due to maternal immunisation hypotheses

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21
Q

give support for FBOE

A

robust across culture
older sister, younger sibling have no effects

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22
Q

how many gay men may sexual orientation to FBOE?

A

15-29%

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23
Q

summarise maternal immunisation hypothesis

A

interaction between foetus and mother leaves behind ‘legacy’, baby affected by presence of past male child in development of brain

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24
Q

give weaknesses of biological theories of sexual preferences

A

little evidence (perinatal hormone exposure modulates same-sex/opposite sex preference)
evidence suggest specific hypothalamic nuclei play role in preference, difference in size of nuclei depending on if gay/straight

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25
Q

give evidence for biological theories of sexual preference

A

family, twin studies moderate genetic influence on sexual orientation (40% variance in males, 20% variance in females)

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26
Q

what did Genome Wide Association find regarding specific markers associated for sexual orientation

A

some found
none were predictive of sexual orientations

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27
Q

explain gender bias of sexual research

A

more male ppt, evidence into male sex dysfunction (viagra), despite being similar prevalence rate

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28
Q

when defining sexual dysfunction, name the 4 approaches

A
  1. deviation from statistical normality
  2. deviation from social norms
  3. self-distress
  4. deficits in normal function
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29
Q

give weaknesses of deviation from statistical normality approach to defining sexual pathology

A

arbitrary in usefulness (depend on individual, age, culture, circumstances)
rely on extensive data for building curve (hard to get with sexual research)
cross-cultural granularity
cut off point still subjective (5%, 10%….)

30
Q

give weaknesses if deviation from social norms approach to defining sexual pathology

A

social norm not always functional, subjective perception differ from actual norm
cultural, historical variation
political influence
circularity (norms creating pathology)
powerful influences on social judgement

31
Q

give weaknesses of self-distress approach to defining sexual pathology

A

requires awareness, some don’t experience distress
social norms, protecting others (law)
persistence of distress’ frequency important (individual difference, depends on life situation)

32
Q

give weaknesses of deficits in normal function approach to defining sexual pathology

A

some maladaptive response has a reasonable basis (impact of sexual abuse) = unhelpful pathologising
cut across individual-life choice
ignore individual experiences
interacts with social norm

33
Q

DSM breaks down sex/gender related disorders into what 3 category

A

sexual dysfunction
paraphillic disorders
gender dysphoria

34
Q

define sexual dysfunction

A

problems with experiencing human sexual response cycle

35
Q

name sexual dysfunction disorder for desire stage in sex cycle

A

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

36
Q

name sexual dysfunction disorder for plateau stage in sex cycle

A

female sexual interest/desire disorder
erectile disorder

37
Q

name sexual dysfunction disorder for orgasm stage in sex cycle

A

female orgasmic disorder
delayed ejaculation
early ejaculation

38
Q

name sexual dysfunction disorder for resolution stage in sex cycle

A

sexual pain disorders- genitopelvic pains

39
Q

name risk factors of sexual dysfunction

A

gender related
certain health conditions
sexual abuse

40
Q

name treatments for sexual dysfunction

A

symptom focused
psychotherapy (individual/couple)
biological (drug/device)

41
Q

name issues of having sexual dysfunction disorder as category

A

over-pathologise intra/inter individual difference
more common in females, but due to reporting biases

42
Q

define paraphillic disorders

A

inappropriate activation of human sexual response cycle

43
Q

detail what paraphilic disorders are, what is needed for diagnosis

A

satisfaction involves distress/harm to individual/other
either directed to non-consenting (paedo, exhbibionsist disorder)
or non-direct (fetishistic, trasvestic)
or experience, inflict suffering= machochism and sadism

44
Q

name risk factors of paraphilic disorders (in general)

A

male, hypersexuality

45
Q

name risk factors for pedophilic disorder

A

past sexual abuse, attachment problems, psychiatric problem, substance abuse

46
Q

what is cause of paraphilic disorders

A

either psychodynamic, cog, bio

47
Q

name treatments for paraphilic disorders

A

behavioural techniques, cognitive therapies, hormonal or drug treatments

48
Q

define gender dysphoria

A

unhappiness due to perceived gender differing from their assigned gender

49
Q

whats needed for diagnosis of gender dysphoria

A

marked, persistence cross gender identification
significant distress or impairments of function
lack of physical intersex condition

50
Q

how common is a gender dysphoria diagnosis

A

0.01% males, less in female
recent= BMA cited evidence of 1% population experiencing gender incongruencies

51
Q

name risk factors/cause of gender dysphoria

A

lacking evidence
some for paternal relationship (male), childhood abuse (females)
lack support for parental attitude/behaviour
biological influence (inutero hormone exposure)
evidence of twin study heritable, no single gene found

52
Q

name treatments of gender dysphoria

A

psychological (beh, cog, some success however client often resistant)
gender reassignment surgery, satisfactory outcome but may not alleviate other psych comorbidity

53
Q

what is psychobiological model for gender dysphoria

A

neurobiological basis and is closely associated with individuals interaction with external world, self-perception, feedback received in return
4 stage of gender identity development:
chromosomal, phenotypic, brain, experienced

54
Q

name issues of psychobiological model of gender dysphoria

A

downplay environmental and brain plasticity aspects
binary in nature (no non binary)
causality regarding brain differences not well-established by evidence

55
Q

outline human sexual behaviour from network perspective

A

similar activation patterns across gender, sexual preference

56
Q

what is sexual interest disorder associated with

A

reduced sexual cue sensitivity suggested by structural/functional change in amgydala, ACC, NAC

57
Q

what does neurobehavioural model suggest about component

A

cognitive, emotional, motivational and autonomic

58
Q

what areas link to cognitive-attention areas in sex

A

cerebral cortex (OFC + superior parietal)

59
Q

what areas link to autonomic part of sex

A

hypothalamus and insula

60
Q

what areas regulate autonomic and endocrine controls for sexual behaviour

A

hypothamalus

61
Q

explain role of dopaminergic reward system in sex

A

triggers sexual motivation, increase DA triggers hypersexuality
ventral striatum neural correlate for sex preference
thalamus relays from spinal cord, to cortex and integrates desire, arousal, orgasm

62
Q

what is role of hypothalamus, what does lesioning do?

A

stimulate/inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones
lesioning= sex drive + penile erection

63
Q

what is role of amygdala, what do lesion cause

A

sex drive, smell and pheromone processing, emotion processing, regulating autonomic responses and complex cognitive functions
lesion= abnormal sexual behaviour

64
Q

what is role of PFC in sex

A

planning, personality, decision making, correct social behaviour, sexual inhibition
lesions= hypersexuality

65
Q

what is role of cingulate cortex

A

processing sexual stimulus

66
Q

what is role of insula

A

facilitate attention, WM, processing sensory stimulus, relay to other cortical area, regulates autonomic responses

67
Q

what is role of serotonin in sex

A

act on smooth muscle of vascular system, impacts motor functions

68
Q

what is role of dopamine in sex

A

motor aspect

69
Q

what is role of norepinepherine in sex

A

motor aspects via autonomic activation

70
Q

what is role of acetylcholine in sex

A

motor aspects, reverse antidepressant induced erection difficulties

71
Q

what is role of histamine in sex

A

lead to erection, modulate sexual behaviour and libido

72
Q

what is role of opioids in sex

A

sexual impairments

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 (8 decks)

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