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PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10 > Flashcards

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of nuclei is there strong evidence for being involved in sexual, reproductive behaviour

A

hypothalamic nuclei, suggest hormone act perinatally to drive differentiation of several hypothalamic nuclei

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2
Q

why is sexual behaviour difficult to study

A

private, hard to define, vary across individual/culture,
intra-individual variation (age, dev, cirucmstance, life event, wellbeing)

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3
Q

in male rats, what area of hypothalamus is important for motor sexual behaviours

A

medial preoptic area (MPAO)

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4
Q

what does lesioning MPAO hypothalamus in male rats do

A

stops behaviour, stimulation elicit behaviours

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5
Q

does MPAO hypothalamus in male rats command motor plan or produce motivational state

A

motivational states, in line with general hypothalamic function

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6
Q

what part of hypothalamus in female rats is responsible for lordosis

A

ventromedial nucleus

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7
Q

what does electrical stimulation of VMN in male rats do

A

elicits lordosis

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8
Q

what are the kinsey reports

A

taxonomy of human sexual behaviour based on interview
studied type, frequency
widely cited in academic literature

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9
Q

name weaknesses of kinsey reports

A

statistical/sampling issues

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10
Q

what was Masters & Johnson research into sexual behaviours and disorders in 1950/60

A

measure aspects of intercourse or masturbation in lab

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11
Q

what resulted from Masters & Johnson research into human sexual behaviour

A

highly influential 4-stage model for human sexual behaviour - sexual responses cycle

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12
Q

name 4 stages in Sexual response cycle

A

desire
plateau
orgasm
resolutino

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13
Q

what is more recent work in sex including

A

redefining term, adding variability into cycle, determining neuroanatomical correlates of components of cycle

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14
Q

what 3 major components linked to distinct brain systems, in regard to sex

A

wanting, liking, learning

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15
Q

what factors impacts on sexual desire

A

attitude, opportunity, partner availability, health, mood

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16
Q

what does sexual desire require

A

implicit sensory stimulus evaluated as being sexual salient by past experience

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17
Q

what is role of cerebral and sensorimotor cortex for sex

A

cerebral= trigger autonomic response
sensorimotor= voluntary movements, higher order associative areas for mental imageries

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18
Q

define sexual identity

A

capture aspect of both gender identity and sexual orientation

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19
Q

in animal models, what can lead to opposite sex/same-sex preferences

A

perinatal sex hormone exposure
castration
lesions

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20
Q

what is fraternal birth order effect

A

more brothers, mean more likely to identify as gay
effect still there if raised in different household, but not step-brother/adopted brother, implying due to maternal immunisation hypotheses

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21
Q

give support for FBOE

A

robust across culture
older sister, younger sibling have no effects

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22
Q

how many gay men may sexual orientation to FBOE?

A

15-29%

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23
Q

summarise maternal immunisation hypothesis

A

interaction between foetus and mother leaves behind ‘legacy’, baby affected by presence of past male child in development of brain

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24
Q

give weaknesses of biological theories of sexual preferences

A

little evidence (perinatal hormone exposure modulates same-sex/opposite sex preference)
evidence suggest specific hypothalamic nuclei play role in preference, difference in size of nuclei depending on if gay/straight

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25
give evidence for biological theories of sexual preference
family, twin studies moderate genetic influence on sexual orientation (40% variance in males, 20% variance in females)
26
what did Genome Wide Association find regarding specific markers associated for sexual orientation
some found none were predictive of sexual orientations
27
explain gender bias of sexual research
more male ppt, evidence into male sex dysfunction (viagra), despite being similar prevalence rate
28
when defining sexual dysfunction, name the 4 approaches
1. deviation from statistical normality 2. deviation from social norms 3. self-distress 4. deficits in normal function
29
give weaknesses of deviation from statistical normality approach to defining sexual pathology
arbitrary in usefulness (depend on individual, age, culture, circumstances) rely on extensive data for building curve (hard to get with sexual research) cross-cultural granularity cut off point still subjective (5%, 10%....)
30
give weaknesses if deviation from social norms approach to defining sexual pathology
social norm not always functional, subjective perception differ from actual norm cultural, historical variation political influence circularity (norms creating pathology) powerful influences on social judgement
31
give weaknesses of self-distress approach to defining sexual pathology
requires awareness, some don't experience distress social norms, protecting others (law) persistence of distress' frequency important (individual difference, depends on life situation)
32
give weaknesses of deficits in normal function approach to defining sexual pathology
some maladaptive response has a reasonable basis (impact of sexual abuse) = unhelpful pathologising cut across individual-life choice ignore individual experiences interacts with social norm
33
DSM breaks down sex/gender related disorders into what 3 category
sexual dysfunction paraphillic disorders gender dysphoria
34
define sexual dysfunction
problems with experiencing human sexual response cycle
35
name sexual dysfunction disorder for desire stage in sex cycle
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
36
name sexual dysfunction disorder for plateau stage in sex cycle
female sexual interest/desire disorder erectile disorder
37
name sexual dysfunction disorder for orgasm stage in sex cycle
female orgasmic disorder delayed ejaculation early ejaculation
38
name sexual dysfunction disorder for resolution stage in sex cycle
sexual pain disorders- genitopelvic pains
39
name risk factors of sexual dysfunction
gender related certain health conditions sexual abuse
40
name treatments for sexual dysfunction
symptom focused psychotherapy (individual/couple) biological (drug/device)
41
name issues of having sexual dysfunction disorder as category
over-pathologise intra/inter individual difference more common in females, but due to reporting biases
42
define paraphillic disorders
inappropriate activation of human sexual response cycle
43
detail what paraphilic disorders are, what is needed for diagnosis
satisfaction involves distress/harm to individual/other either directed to non-consenting (paedo, exhbibionsist disorder) or non-direct (fetishistic, trasvestic) or experience, inflict suffering= machochism and sadism
44
name risk factors of paraphilic disorders (in general)
male, hypersexuality
45
name risk factors for pedophilic disorder
past sexual abuse, attachment problems, psychiatric problem, substance abuse
46
what is cause of paraphilic disorders
either psychodynamic, cog, bio
47
name treatments for paraphilic disorders
behavioural techniques, cognitive therapies, hormonal or drug treatments
48
define gender dysphoria
unhappiness due to perceived gender differing from their assigned gender
49
whats needed for diagnosis of gender dysphoria
marked, persistence cross gender identification significant distress or impairments of function lack of physical intersex condition
50
how common is a gender dysphoria diagnosis
0.01% males, less in female recent= BMA cited evidence of 1% population experiencing gender incongruencies
51
name risk factors/cause of gender dysphoria
lacking evidence some for paternal relationship (male), childhood abuse (females) lack support for parental attitude/behaviour biological influence (inutero hormone exposure) evidence of twin study heritable, no single gene found
52
name treatments of gender dysphoria
psychological (beh, cog, some success however client often resistant) gender reassignment surgery, satisfactory outcome but may not alleviate other psych comorbidity
53
what is psychobiological model for gender dysphoria
neurobiological basis and is closely associated with individuals interaction with external world, self-perception, feedback received in return 4 stage of gender identity development: chromosomal, phenotypic, brain, experienced
54
name issues of psychobiological model of gender dysphoria
downplay environmental and brain plasticity aspects binary in nature (no non binary) causality regarding brain differences not well-established by evidence
55
outline human sexual behaviour from network perspective
similar activation patterns across gender, sexual preference
56
what is sexual interest disorder associated with
reduced sexual cue sensitivity suggested by structural/functional change in amgydala, ACC, NAC
57
what does neurobehavioural model suggest about component
cognitive, emotional, motivational and autonomic
58
what areas link to cognitive-attention areas in sex
cerebral cortex (OFC + superior parietal)
59
what areas link to autonomic part of sex
hypothalamus and insula
60
what areas regulate autonomic and endocrine controls for sexual behaviour
hypothamalus
61
explain role of dopaminergic reward system in sex
triggers sexual motivation, increase DA triggers hypersexuality ventral striatum neural correlate for sex preference thalamus relays from spinal cord, to cortex and integrates desire, arousal, orgasm
62
what is role of hypothalamus, what does lesioning do?
stimulate/inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones lesioning= sex drive + penile erection
63
what is role of amygdala, what do lesion cause
sex drive, smell and pheromone processing, emotion processing, regulating autonomic responses and complex cognitive functions lesion= abnormal sexual behaviour
64
what is role of PFC in sex
planning, personality, decision making, correct social behaviour, sexual inhibition lesions= hypersexuality
65
what is role of cingulate cortex
processing sexual stimulus
66
what is role of insula
facilitate attention, WM, processing sensory stimulus, relay to other cortical area, regulates autonomic responses
67
what is role of serotonin in sex
act on smooth muscle of vascular system, impacts motor functions
68
what is role of dopamine in sex
motor aspect
69
what is role of norepinepherine in sex
motor aspects via autonomic activation
70
what is role of acetylcholine in sex
motor aspects, reverse antidepressant induced erection difficulties
71
what is role of histamine in sex
lead to erection, modulate sexual behaviour and libido
72
what is role of opioids in sex
sexual impairments

PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 (8 decks)

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