PSY2003 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 11

Question 1

what is role of oesophagus in human digestive system

Answer 1

transport food to stomach and set up alkaline condition so acid from stomach cannot have damage

Question 2

what is role of liver/gall bladder in human digestive system

Answer 2

additional digestive enzymes added into small intestine

Question 3

what is role of pancreas in human digestive system

Answer 3

produces insulin and glucagon to store/release energy

Question 4

what is role of small intestine in human digestive system

Answer 4

absorb most nutrient from food

Question 5

what is role of large intestine in human digestive system

Answer 5

remove water, pack waste

Question 6

what is role of liver and kidneys in human digestive system

Answer 6

filter out toxin, for excretion

Question 7

what is role of rectum/anus, bladder in human digestive system

Answer 7

stores, expel waste

Question 8

what is role of insulin in digestion?

Answer 8

shift carb from blood to storage (glycogen and proteins)

Question 9

what is role of glucagon in digestion?

Answer 9

shift fuel from storage to where is needed to fuel body, converts glycogen and protein to carb, frees fat stores to use as fuel when glucose stores are low

Question 10

name 4 outcomes/products from digestion

Answer 10

lipids/fats
amino acids
glucose
minerals

Question 11

where are lipids stored, and what are they

Answer 11

stored as fats, largest and most efficient energy store

Question 12

where is glucose stored

Answer 12

muscles and liver, as glycogen, fast release

Question 13

how does fat metabolism maintain our body weights

Answer 13

if over/below then changes to push up/down, body tries to stay in particular zone, but isnt always particularly successful = due to toxic environment

Question 14

summarise what a toxic environment is

Answer 14

very easy to eat or drink large amounts of high calorie food in modern times

Question 15

what part of brain is sensitive to glucose shortages?

Answer 15

hypothalamic regulatory nuclei

Question 16

what part of body is sensitive to glucose/lipid shortage

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

what is released via stomach if need food

Answer 17

ghrelin

Question 18

how does set point theory work?

Answer 18

homeostasis uses negative feedback to maintain level
hunger due to low levels of fatty acids/glucose
craving via automatic behavioural states

Question 19

outline glucostatic theory - past theory

Answer 19

eating regulated by a system designed to maintain blood glucose set point

Question 20

outline lipostatic theory - past theory

Answer 20

deviation from set point of body fat produces compensatory eating adjustment

Question 21

what are limitations of set-point theories?

Answer 21

inconsisency with evolutionary pressures (food supply unpredictabilities)
prediction not confirmed regarding reduction needed in blood glucose for reliably inducing eating hardly occur narturally
fail recognises major other factors (taste, learning, social influence)

Question 22

what is positive-incentive perspective

Answer 22

drawn to eat from anticipated pleasure eating, shaped by evolutionary pressure (take advn when food present, eat)
degree hunger is felt depend on interaction of flavour, learnt info on food, last time eaten, quantity of foods eaten, others, BGL

Question 23

name 3 phase in metabolism

Answer 23

cephalic, absorptive, fasting

Question 24

what does cephalic phase of metabolism include

Answer 24

preparatory phase, initiated by sight, smell, expectation of food

Question 25

what does absorptive phase of metabolism include

Answer 25

nutrients from meal meets our immediate energy requirements

Question 26

what are levels of insulin and glucagon in cephalic and absorptive phase of metabolism

Answer 26

high insulin, low glucagon

Question 27

what does fasting phase of metabolism include

Answer 27

energy withdrawal from stores to meet body immediate need. high glucagon, low insulin

Question 28

name a few short term satiety signal

Answer 28

1. adequate glucose, lipid acid level detected in brain and liver 2. stomach distension 3. buccal activity - chewing 4. high levels of sensory stimulation (tastes and smell)

Question 29

name some appetite suppressant chemical

Answer 29

caffeine, amphetamines diet produces usually ofset glucose/lipid acid level with others = v. limited, temporary sucesses

Question 30

what 3 hormones control satiety processes

Answer 30

ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, serotonin

Question 31

outline what is released as part of long-term feedback mechanism for satiety, and what this induces

Answer 31

fat tissue secrete leptin= increase metabolism, decrease food intake via desensitise brain to hunger signal, inhibiting effect of other hormones driving eating (particularly neuropeptide Y)

Question 32

outline satiety cascade

Answer 32

food processed in sensory, cognitive, post-ingestive, post-absorptive stages

Question 33

what does CCK do (hunger and satiety peptides)

Answer 33

induce illness, nausea, reducing appetite and eating

Question 34

name hunger peptides

Answer 34

Y, galanin, ghrelin

Question 35

how does serotonin induce satiety

Answer 35

reduces food eaten and put people off food, shifting food preference away from fatty food

Question 36

outline appetiser effect

Answer 36

small amount of food eaten before meal increases hunger, as elicits cephalic phase

Question 37

outline sensory-specific satiety

Answer 37

relatively brief effect influencing selection of foods with single meal enduring effect influencing to encourage varied diets

Question 38

outline Minnesota starvation experiment

Answer 38

join army or take part in starvation experiment study effect of starvation = cognitive, socially, emotional effects of starvation and weight-gain

Question 39

name some diseases caused by the nutritional deficit in poor-eating

Answer 39

scurvy, rickets, Korsakoff's syndrome (memory problems)

Question 40

name some non-physical negative impact of starvation

Answer 40

concentration, cognitive, social, physical/mental development, emotional instability/trptophan cycle

Question 41

name social functioning issues, from obesity

Answer 41

bullying, school absence, stigma, self-esteem

Question 42

name health problems from obesity

Answer 42

type 2 diabetes, hypertension, mood disorders, cancer risk, heart disease

Question 43

name some factors taking us away from homeostasis

Answer 43

genetics, learnt taste preferences and aversions, social learning, environmental, agriculture, food industry

Question 44

outline genetics role in toxic environment

Answer 44

genetically predisposed to high energy food (sweet, fatty and salty) because traditn more likely to contain nutrients less likely to enjoy bitter foods = associated with toxicity

Question 45

what can learned taste preferences and aversions be influenced by (3 ideas)

Answer 45

1. culture (common or rare) 2. upbringing (approach more of those experienced early in dev) 3. satiety to specific foods (maintaining a balanced diet)

Question 46

outline role of social learning in toxic environment

Answer 46

eat by what seeing going on around us imitation how/what other eats (type, specific, speed, and amount) powerful cultural impact= eat what see as normal/customary

Question 47

name environmental factors that cause toxic environment

Answer 47

1. lighting 2. temperature 3. portion size/ what is suggested to be normal 4. smell 5. location, or food proximity

Question 48

outline mathusian hypothesis

Answer 48

when food industry ensure not starved, due to increased population belief that eventually population will decline, due to a lack of resource

Question 49

outline how food industry is toxic

Answer 49

selling processed food cheaply in large quantity, ensuring profit margin, fatty and sugary foods, premium prices on more healthy food

Question 49

outline high-fructose-corn syrup (HFCS)

Answer 49

supplied cheaply so meant sugar was in everything, with side effects (fatty liver, decreased insulin sensitivity, gout precursors)

Question 49

define toxic environment

Answer 49

describes way in which human evolution and environment that we are now in completely at odds

Question 49

how have we evolved for toxic environment

Answer 49

to grab food when available, with high-energy food only seasonally available high fat, salt, sugar food often preferred baby expresses preference for it and genetics cause a predisposition to eat as much as can

Question 49

describe impact of culture on toxic environment

Answer 49

food scarce = obesity valued as a status symbol food plentiful = obesity is stigmatised sign of weakness