PSY101 L06 Key Terms Ch 7

Question 1

The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Answer 1

Reinforcement/reinforcers

Question 2

A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses.

Answer 2

Conditioning

Question 3

The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Answer 3

Operant conditioning

Question 4

Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

Answer 4

Extrinsic reinforcers

Question 5

Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

Answer 5

Intrinsic reinforcers

Question 6

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditional stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 7

After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning. In classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus occurs (or is suppressed) in the presence of other, similar stimuli.

Answer 7

Stimulus generalization (in classical conditioning)

Question 8

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response. In classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus; in operant condition, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Answer 8

Extinction (in operant conditioning)

Question 9

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Answer 9

Learning

Question 10

Antecedents (events preceding behavior), behaviors, and consequences.

Answer 10

Behavioral “ABCs”

Question 11

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Answer 11

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 12

The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.

Answer 12

Punishment/punishers

Question 13

The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli. In classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response; in operant condition, it occurs when an organism learns to make a response in the presence of other, similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension.

Answer 13

Stimulus discrimination (in classical conditioning)

Question 14

The classical-conditioning term from a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Answer 14

Unconditioned response (UR)

Question 15

An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Answer 15

Shaping

Question 16

A cage equipped with a device that delivers food into a dish when an animal makes a desired response.

Answer 16

Skinner box

Question 17

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditional stimulus; it occurs after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 17

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 18

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response. In classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus; in operant condition, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Answer 18

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

Question 19

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.

Answer 19

Behaviorism

Question 20

After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning. In classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus occurs (or is suppressed) in the presence of other, similar stimuli.

Answer 20

Stimulus generalization (in operant conditioning)

Question 21

Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs.

Answer 21

Social-cognitive theories