PSY101 exam Flashcards
The universal psychological toolkit _____.
a. has not evolved over time and consists of skills that were present from the beginning of time
b. is a set of basic skills and aptitudes that can be used to meet human needs
c. refers to the blank slate that people come into the world with that allow for adaptability and
survivability
d. is a set of skills that are shared amongst human and animal cultures
b. is a set of basic skills and aptitudes that can be used to meet human needs
In the context of culture and race, which of the following statements is true?
a. Intelligence is determined by a person’s race.
b. Many psychologists believe that race is a social construction.
c. People of different cultures have similar definitions of race.
d. Race and culture are interchangeable terms.
b. Many psychologists believe that race is a social construction.
One of the most important thinking abilities that humans have unlike other animals is the ability to
_____.
a. believe that other people are intentional agents
b. maintain social networks and hierarchies
c. communicate with each other
d. invent and use tools
a. believe that other people are intentional agents
Hofstede’s dimension of _____ has been most commonly used to both predict and explain many
differences across cultures, especially in many aspects of thinking and emotions.
a. power distance
b. uncertainty avoidance
c. masculinity vs. femininity
d. individualism vs. collectivism
d. individualism vs. collectivism
Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural worldviews?
a. Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.
b. Cultural worldviews are universal belief systems about the world.
c. A person’s cultural worldview always remains unchanged over their lifetime.
d. Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures
a. Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.
Studies that examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables are called _____.
a. level-oriented studies
b. structural-oriented studies
c. hypothesis-level studies
d. exploratory studies
a. level-oriented studies
Which studies use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis?
a. Ecological-level studies
b. Individual-level studies
c. Hypothesis-testing studies
d. Linkage studies
a. Ecological-level studies
The degree to which measures used to collect data across cultures are equivalent—that is, whether they
have the same validity and reliability in all the cultures being compared is called _____.
a. sampling bias
b. method bias
c. response bias
d. measurement bias
d. measurement bias
In the context of procedures used to establish linguistic equivalence, which of the following is an
accurate description of back translation?
a. It involves several bilingual informants collectively translating a research protocol into a
target language.
b. It involves taking a research protocol in one language, translating it into the target language,
and having someone else translate it back to the original.
c. It is a procedure used to establish sampling equivalence.
d. It is a procedure that involves several bilingual informants debating the various forms, words,
and phrases to be used while translating a research protocol to a target language.
b. It involves taking a research protocol in one language, translating it into the target language,
and having someone else translate it back to the original.
According to Poortinga (1989), which of the following is a strategy to deal with nonequivalent data?
a. Decentering the nonequivalence
b. Establishing cause–effect relationships
c. Increasing the nonequivalence in the data
d. Precluding comparison
d. Precluding comparison
Which theory includes the tenet that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation
and socialization processes, but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and
influencing the people, groups, and institutions around them?
a. Psychological systems theory
b. Ecological systems theory
c. Sociological systems theory
d. Physiological systems theory
b. Ecological systems theory
According to Mead, postfigurative cultures are described as having a _____ level of peer influence,
whereas prefigurative cultures are described as having a _____ level of peer influence.
a. high; low
b. medium; low
c. low; high
d. high; medium
c. low; high
In the context of cross-cultural research, _____.
a. parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by
culture
b. in Western industrialized societies, it is considered disrespectful for children to speak without
permission
c. despite differences in the overall goals of development, each culture has the same
understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning
d. parents are the only socializing agents for children irrespective of the culture
a. parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by
culture
According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development, which of the
following is an example of a macrosystem?
a. Family
b. School
c. Society
d. Peer group
c. Society
Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process—the subjective,
underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?
a. Enculturation
b. Adaptation
c. Emancipation
d. Extrication
a. Enculturation
What is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth?
a. Aberration
b. Indisposition
c. Temperament
d. Centration
c. Temperament
What is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time?
a. Cognitive development
b. Physical development
c. Motor development
d. Somatic development
a. Cognitive development
Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development?
a. The ages associated with each stage of development are the same across cultures.
b. The four stages do not always occur in the same order in every culture.
c. There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget’s
stages.
d. It assumes that the scientific reasoning associated with formal operations is not the universal
end point of cognitive development.
c. There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget’s
stages.
According to the three ethics approach to morality (Jensen, 2011), what emphasizes the centrality of
religious beliefs and spirituality in moral reasoning?
a. Utility ethics
b. Ethic of reciprocity
c. Ethic of divinity
d. Virtue ethics
c. Ethic of divinity
According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b), individuals with an independent construal of the self:
a. believe that standing out and asserting themselves is a virtue.
b. routinely credit their success to a group to which they belong.
c. strongly believe in the fundamental connectedness of human beings.
d. prefer socializing by occupying and playing their assigned roles.
a. believe that standing out and asserting themselves is a virtue.
Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of _____ cultures had higher selfesteem scores than members of _____ cultures.
a. collectivistic; individualistic
b. individualistic; collectivistic
c. ecocentric; sociocentric
d. sociocentric; ecocentric
Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures had higher self-esteem scores than members of COLLECTIVIST cultures.
b. individualistic; collectivistic
What refers to the idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance, but they choose to do it in
different ways?
a. Self-effacement
b. Independent construal of self
c. Tactical self-enhancement
d. Cultural self-enhancement
c. Tactical self-enhancement
A person judges stealing as wrong because it is against the law and others in society generally
disapprove of it. Which stage characterizes this person’s moral development?
a. Preconventional morality
b. Postfigurative morality
c. Conventional morality
d. Cofigurative morality
C. Conventional morality
Sometimes one is not recognized as a member of a group to which they identify. What is this known
as?
a. Identity isolation
b. Identity denial
c. Self-confusion
d. Group identity rejection
b. Identity denial
Studies indicate that bicultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds and access
one or the other depending on the context in which they are in. What is this known as?
a. Cultural frame switching
b. Cultural exchange
c. Culture shock
d. Cultural worldview
a. Cultural frame switching
In the perspective of psychological anthropology, a national character refers to:
a. the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture.
b. the belief of a nation that every culture has its own significance and therefore needs to be
preserved.
c. a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, or sources of authority
coexist.
d. the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that
culture share aspects of it.
d. the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that
culture share aspects of it.
Which perspective of personality assumes that psychological processes are not just influenced by
culture but are thoroughly culturally constituted?
a. Cultural indigenous perspective
b. Cross-cultural perspective
c. The worldview perspective
d. Psychological anthropological perspective
a. Cultural indigenous perspective
What differentiates between the five-factor model (FFM) and the five-factor theory (FFT)?
a. The FFM is always consistent and reliable, whereas the FFT depends on the FFM for its validity.
b. The FFM is a model about the sources of culture-specific traits, whereas the FFT is a theory of
five dimensions of personality that are culture-specific.
c. The FFM is a model of the universal personality traits, whereas the FFT is a theory about the source of those traits.
d. The core components of the FFM are basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and selfconcept, whereas the core components of the FFT are extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness.
c. The FFM is a model of the universal personality traits, whereas the FFT is a theory about the source of those traits.
People with which locus of control see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on
their own behavior?
a. Powerful locus of control
b. Internal locus of control
c. External locus of control
d. Weak locus of control
b. Internal locus of control
In the context of universal and culture-specific understandings of personality, ____.
a. a universal, biologically innate trait does not coexist with indigenous aspects of personality
and are two separate frameworks of personality
b. personality is a multidimensional construct that is influenced differently by biology and
culture
c. personality is either universal or culture specific; they are mutually exclusive, dichotomous
categories
d. the fact that some aspects of personality may be organized universally is evidence against the
possibility that other aspects of personality may be culturally indigenous
b. personality is a multidimensional construct that is influenced differently by biology and
culture
What term generally refers to the behaviors and characteristics that a culture deems appropriate for
males and females?
a. Sex
b. Gender
c. Sex role
d. Gender role
b. Gender
Hofstede’s (2001) research on differences between masculine and feminine cultures found that:
a. cultures high on masculinity tended to have norms that encouraged an active role for women
in society.
b. cultures low on masculinity tended to have norms that encouraged a passive role for women in
society.
c. cultures low on masculinity tended to have double standards about sex.
d. cultures high on masculinity tended to have moralistic attitudes about sex.
d. cultures high on masculinity tended to have moralistic attitudes about sex.
