PSY1004 - SEMESTER 2 WEEK 9

Question 1

define morality

Answer 1

inherently social (guided by societal norms and structures) and functional (for purposes of social cohension)

Question 2

what is consequentialism

Answer 2

moral behaviour itself are difficult to evaluate, so focus on outcome and evaluate this as moral/immoral eg; moral behaviour as steal food for vulnerable

Question 3

define deontology

Answer 3

focuses on behaviour itself and if it can be categorised as moral/immoral
eg; stealing - immoral

Question 4

outline moral process, including intention - behaviour gaps

Answer 4

identify moral problem
moral reasoning (cognition)
moral intent (plan for behaviour) intention-behaviour gap
moral behaviour

Question 5

what can morality include

Answer 5

cultural norms
peer, family
identity development
neural, cognitive development
social media
education

Question 6

name Kohlberg’s 3 stages of moral development

Answer 6

preconventional level (early, late childhood)
conventional level (adolescence)
postconventional level (late adolescence, not all reaches)

Question 7

describe preconventional level Kohlberg moral development

Answer 7

no internalised moral values, focus on avoid punishment, motivated via self interest
stage 1- heteronomous morality (right/wrong, obey to avoid punishment, self preservation motivation)
stage 2- instrumental purpose (aware of others having different views, view behaviour as good/bad)

Question 8

describe conventional level of Kohlberg moral development stages

Answer 8

follow others standard, meet external social expectation
stage 3- good interpers rel, live up to social expectation/role, emphasising trust, caring, loyalties
stage 4- maintaining social order, fulfil duty and respect authority

Question 9

describe postconventional level of Kohlbergs stages of moral development

Answer 9

internalised, fidelity to own morals, universal ethical principles
stage 5- social contract, human rights, moral behaviour understood by whole society agreed standard
stage 6- universal principle, morality based on abstract reasoning, laws valid if its grounded in justice

Question 10

during conventional level, what skill is developed

Answer 10

moral standard, values internalised
moral reasoning via increased social experience, autonomy, cognitive function
develop social cognition, EFs

Question 11

evaluate Kohlbergs stages of moral developments

Answer 11

1.moral reasoning does not mean moral beh
2. research on white, male, privelegd ppts
3. emphasised justice over other moral values
4. cultural bias
5. childrens morals develop earlier than initially suggest
6. relation of judgements/actions - justifciation not associated to action so cannot predict beh

Question 12

what neural correlates are morality

Answer 12

left/middle temporal, cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, right precuneus, associated with moral decision-making
involved in = self-referential processing, attention, WM, emotion recognition, empathetic arousal

Question 13

define antisocial behaviour

Answer 13

verbally, physically harmful to others, violating social expectations, engaging in behaviours such as delinquency, vandalism, theft, truancy, disturbed interpersonal relationship, is heterogenous

Question 14

how is antisocial behaviour heterogenous

Answer 14

many ways of being prosocial, antisocial

Question 15

what is MAOA, warrior gene

Answer 15

polymorphic (many forms), x chromosome, produces MAOA protein that breaks down NT excess (excess NT cause aggress)
high MAOA activity = low serotonin
low activity varient = increased aggression, psychopathy
environmental interactions

Question 16

name protective factors in MAOA gene

Answer 16

religion = less engagement in antisocial, misconduct, drug, sex, alcohol. involved in community
peer = role model of presocial, antisocial beh
support in absence of good fam rel

Question 17

define delinquency

Answer 17

acts prohibted from law, theft, burglary, robbery, violence, vandalism, drugs, not same as antisocial behaviour

Question 18

define conduct disorder

Answer 18

repeating and persistent pattern of behaviour in which basic rights of others and major age approp soc norm violated. manifested by presence of 3 of 15 criteria in past 12 months

Question 19

what does delinquent behaviour predict

Answer 19

depression, partner violence, risky sexual behaviour

Question 20

name social risk factors in delinquency, CD

Answer 20

SES, school area, community area, peer influences

Question 21

name family risk factor in delinquency, CD

Answer 21

parenting, child abuse, parental conflict, disrupted families

Question 22

name individual risk factors in delinquency, CD

Answer 22

low IQ, impulsiveness, low educational achievement

Question 23

name predispositions of CD

Answer 23

difficult temperament, cognitive deficit, impulsive ADHD

Question 24

name risk factors and what CD issues they lead to in middle childhood

Answer 24

conflict-ridden home, lax, inconsistency of discipline
hostiliity, defiance, persistent aggression
commitment to deviant peer group, academic failure, rejection by typical peers

Question 25

what interventions are not useful

Answer 25

0tolerance policies in school, not effective, can worsen outcome
must start early at multiple level (individual, peer, home, school, community)

Question 26

name useful psychosical intervention for CD

Answer 26

PATHS (promoting alternative thinking strategies) for social-emotional skills
Triple P - cognitive beh parenting programme
PATHS led to less police contact
but combined PATHS, Triple P worse conflict resolutions

Question 27

what factors foster resilience in adolescents

Answer 27

belief in moral system, religions
high social skill
reward, opportunity for prosocial family interactions
reward, opportunity for prosocial involvement in community and school

Question 28

name protective influences

Answer 28

low neuroticism and few friend predicts low deliquencies
high intelligence, education protects against poor parenting
high fam incomes protects against parental conviction