PSY1004 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 4 - PART 1

Question 1

when does perinatal complications occur

Answer 1

period just before and after birth

Question 2

what % congenital defects does genetics account for

Answer 2

10-15%

Question 3

outline risk of inherited gene disorders, give examples of autosomal gene disorders and how they can be screened

Answer 3

risk dependent on father status
autosomal gene disorders eg: sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis
able to detect in prenatal screening of maternal blood plasma (non-invasive) but cannot treat only terminate

Question 4

how common is chromosomal abnormality, survival rate and what causes this

Answer 4

1/200 live births (eg; down syndrome), accounts for 50-70% first trimester miscarriage
whole chromosome/missing parts/duplicated, normally caused by error in separation of chromosomes into appropriate daughter cells during meiotic division

Question 5

name 6 environmental risk factors for foetal developments

Answer 5

radiation, air pollution, viral infections, domestic violence, SES, maternal malnutrition

Question 6

environmental risk factors to foetal development - what could radiation cause

Answer 6

serious birth defect and cancer

Question 7

environmental risk factors to foetal development - air pollution

Answer 7

potential links autism

Question 8

environmental risk factors to foetal development - can can viral infection cause

Answer 8

eg: COVID-19, increase risk of premature births, stillbirth, low birth weight, but limited evidence of neurodevelopmental impact

Question 9

environmental risk factors to foetal development - how many mothers experience domestic violence in pregnancy

Answer 9

7-8%, high rate miscarry

Question 10

environmental risk factors to foetal development - name key components of how SES can influence neural development

Answer 10

cognitive stimulation, education, language environment, nutrition, parenting quality, environmental toxin (smoking)

Question 11

environmental risk factors to foetal development - what can maternal malnutrition cause

Answer 11

premature birth, low-birth weight, spina bifida (NTD), reduced if folic acid

Question 12

what can low birth weight link to

Answer 12

increased risks for future cardiovascular disease, risk of future breast cancer, mental illness

Question 13

name 3 maternal risk factors in foetal development

Answer 13

age, teenage pregnancies, stress and support

Question 14

how can age of mother be a maternal risk factor

Answer 14

increased risks of chromosomal abnormality (downs syndrome risk 1/2000 at 20, 1/200 at 37)

Question 15

how can age of father be a risk factor for foetal development

Answer 15

factor for social functional impairment eg: autism, sz due to sperm DNA methylation abnormalities

Question 16

outline how teenage pregnancy can be maternal risk factor for foetal development

Answer 16

underdeveloped pelvic cradle causing birth complication
correlation between SES and teenage pregnancies causes maternal malnutrition, poor quality health care, stressors like unsupportive environments

Question 17

what is psychological stress during pregnancy associated with (maternal risk factors to foetal development)

Answer 17

premature deliveries, low birth weight, foetal neurobehavioural development

Question 18

what are protective factors against maternal psychological stress

Answer 18

sympathetic family and partner, and adequate housing

Question 19

what are teratogens

Answer 19

risk factors that have massive impacts in prenatal development and affect foetus via mother

Question 20

name some teratogen examples

Answer 20

drugs, environmental contaminent, infection, x-ray, radiation, smoking, alcohol

Question 21

teratogens- explain smoking as both a environmental factor and maternal factor

Answer 21

environmental factor = second-hand smoke
maternal factor = first hand smoke

quantity/timing important
stopping isnt easy (addiction), especially in unplanned pregnancy = NHS nicotine replacement therapies important

Question 22

what can nicotine result in for foetal development

Answer 22

abnormal placenta growth, increasing rate of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death and low birth weight

Question 23

what problems can maternal smoking cause in children

Answer 23

lung problems
childhood athsma
developmental, learning and behavioural problems
short-attention span

Question 24

what is leading cause of intellectual disabilities

Answer 24

alcohol

Question 25

what physical developmental abnormalities can FAS cause

Answer 25

facial deformity, underdeveloped upper jaws, widely spaced eyes, congential heart disease, abnormally small head, joint abnormalities

Question 26

what brain damage can fetal alcohol syndrome cause

Answer 26

corpus callosum, hippocampus, basal ganglia
can result in neurological and not physiological problem
most impact during first GWs

Question 27

teratogenic risk factors- what can caffeine cause

Answer 27

increased spontaneous abortion and low birth weight

Question 28

teratogenic risk factors- what can marijuana cause

Answer 28

low birth weight, premature deliveries, infant startles easily, tremors, sleep-cycle problems

Question 29

teratogenic risk factors- what can cocaine cause

Answer 29

stillborn, premature, low birth weight, stroke, birth defect, irritable, uncoordinated, slow learner

Question 30

teratogenic risk factors- what can methadone & heroin cause

Answer 30

born addiction, premature, underweight, respiratory problems, tremors, irritable, difficulties with attention, motor control

Question 31

teratogenic risk factors- what can rubella (viral) cause

Answer 31

congential heart disease, deaf, cataracts, intellectual disabilities

Question 32

teratogenic risk factors- what can syphilis (bacteria) cause

Answer 32

liver damage, impaired hearing and vision, teeth and bone deformities

Question 33

explain the teratogenic principles

Answer 33

infant susceptibility dfepends on foetal development stage, normal variance in susceptibility across population and mother physiological state
can impact infant little/not at all

Question 34

define transatal learning

Answer 34

learning that occurs during prenatal period but is remembered during postnatal period

Question 35

give an example for prenatal learning 8 GW

Answer 35

touch is the first sense developing

Question 36

give an example for prenatal learning 9-24 GW

Answer 36

smell, continue to develop post-birth

Question 37

give an example for prenatal learning 12-28 GW

Answer 37

taste combined with smell, producing olfaction

Question 38

give an example for prenatal learning 18-20 GW

Answer 38

good hearing

Question 39

give an example for prenatal learning 21-28 GW

Answer 39

vision, continuing to develop post-birth

Question 40

explain habituation paradigms when studying transnatal learning

Answer 40

present foetus or infant with auditory cues multiple times until response plateu (sucking, HR), infant beings to respond to stimuli again (dishabituation). present again and if learning occurred then less trials needed for habituation

Question 41

give a research study for prenatal auditory learning (Morokuma et al, 2004) using HR to study habituations, and which GW is important in development

Answer 41

32-34GW, more variable habitual response but no dishabituation
35-37GW, foetus can habituate/dishabituate
shows 35GW an important stage in learning

Question 42

give research evidence for transnatal auditory learning via mothers voice

Answer 42

infant prefer prenatal version of mothers voice (low filter), 2 hr neonate react with more movement to mothers voice>strangers voice suggesting learn about sound inutero
can use sucking rate, suck more to activate recording but not found in preterm neonate (pre 37-GW)

Question 43

outline research evidence for mothers voice in transnatal learning (Beebe & Lachmann, 2015) - cat in hat

Answer 43

read story x2 day last 6GW, change in rate of sucking after turning off tape, and infant modified sucking rates to activate recording of familiar stories

Question 44

what positive impacts can playing recordings of HB show in neonates

Answer 44

greater weight gain and less crying

Question 45

explain language discrimination in infants

Answer 45

4 days post birth discriminates mothers language with a preference