PSY1004 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 8

Question 1

outline 8 stage theory of psychosocial development

Answer 1

during each stage face developmental conflict, resolve to develop primary virtue of stage
each stage characterised by 2 contradictory emotional forces “contrary dispositions”

Question 2

explain the 2 “contrary dispositions” of each developmental stage which are two contradictory emotional forces

Answer 2

dystonic- behaviour in conflict with beliefs, will
syntonic- behaviour is adaptive and appropriate in given situation

Question 3

psychosocial developmental stage theory - what can virtues include

Answer 3

hope, will, purpose, care, love, wisdom

Question 4

psychosocial developmental stage theory - stage 5 (adolescence - identity vs confusion) if conflict is resolved, what is developed

Answer 4

virtue of fidelity - developed personality, productive, content, values, drives vocational choice, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of sexual orientation and ideals

Question 5

psychosocial developmental stage theory - stage 5 (adolescence - identity vs confusion) if conflict is not resolved, what is developed

Answer 5

weak sense of trust, lacking faith in ideals, little autonomy or initiative, lack actively exploring, don’t choose vocation aligning with interest or skill, shallow, directionless

Question 6

name 3 key aspects of psychosocial development during adolescence

Answer 6

1. identity formation
2. development of autonomy
3. future orientation (ability to set future goal, plan)

Question 7

outline the 4 identity statuses (Marcia, 1980)

Answer 7

identity moratorium, identity achievement, identity diffusion, identity foreclosure

Question 8

what are the 2 continuums for identity status

Answer 8

high/low exploration of interests, talents, abilities, belief, value
high/low commitment to one’s identity

Question 9

what are adolescents like who have identity achievement?

Answer 9

high self esteem, open to alternative ideas/values, feel in control, view school as avenue for realising aspiration, good moral reasoning, social justice

Question 10

what are adolescents like who have entered identity moratorium?

Answer 10

actively exploring options including different values, beliefs, ideology but no committment

Question 11

what are adolescents like who is stuck in identity foreclosure

Answer 11

passive in face of identity concerns, difficulty adjusting, dogmatic, inflexible, resisting info that threatens their position

Question 12

what are adolescents like in long-term identity diffusion

Answer 12

diffuse-avoidant cognitive style, entrusts self to luck/fate, at risk of depression and suicide

Question 13

outline trajectory for age in identity status

Answer 13

early-mid = identity diffusion
mid-late = more likely identity achieved than early-mid

Question 14

outline trajectory for gender in identity status

Answer 14

girls more likely to be identity achieved than boys (identity diffusion) due to abilities to explore identity

Question 15

explain trajectory for those with depressive symptoms and delinquency in identity status

Answer 15

greater depression and delinquent behaviour for adolescent in identity moratorium/diffusion

Question 16

name factors affecting identity achievement

Answer 16

parents, culture expectations
educational opportunities
socio-economic environment
social peer group
puberty

Question 17

define epigenetic principle

Answer 17

notion that parts of organism develop in sequential order, each part having its own specific time of ascendancy, until functioning whole is complete

Question 18

define self concept

Answer 18

who we are, our identity and determined by congruency vs inconsistency between self-image, self-esteem, ideal self

Question 19

define self esteem

Answer 19

how one evaluates self/self-worth

Question 20

outline trajectory of self-esteem

Answer 20

rise mid-late adolescence as individual difference becomes increasingly stable
new components- close friendship, romantic appeal, job competence

Question 21

give 3 factors affecting self esteem

Answer 21

child-rearing style
pubertal timing
social environment

Question 22

outline impact of social media on self-esteem

Answer 22

measured age 10,12,14
liking and commenting on others post predicts decreased self-esteem (only girls)
posting update on own SM not impacting self-esteem

Question 23

define self-concept

Answer 23

adolescents perception of their own self, own’s talents, goals, life experiences also relating to identity as part of ethnic, religious and sexual orientation groups

Question 24

explain trajectory of self-concept during adolescence

Answer 24

separate traits unified to larger and abstract ones
contradictory traits expressed in different social situations, more emphasis on social virtues and on being viewed positively by others

Question 25

explain neural correlates for adolescent self-concept

Answer 25

increased activity in medial prefrontal during self-task vs social tasks, increase during thinking about own intentions and actions vs thinking about physical events

Question 26

define ethnic identity

Answer 26

sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes, beliefs and feelings associated with that membership

Question 27

define acculturative stress

Answer 27

psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture

Question 28

define bicultural identity

Answer 28

formed by exploring and adopting values from both one's subculture and dominant cultures

Question 29

explain impact of bicultural identity on behaviours

Answer 29

stable over time, high cultural identity is associated w. higher personal and familial wellbeing

Question 30

what are parenting practices

Answer 30

specific behaviours that parents use to socialise their children

Question 31

what are parenting styles

Answer 31

emotional climates in which parents raise their children

Question 32

name 4 differing parenting styles

Answer 32

permissive, authoritative, authoritarian, uninvolved

Question 33

what is permissive parenting styles

Answer 33

not enforcing rules, high responsiveness, low demand avoid using power for discipline, accepting, affirmative, high degree of autonomy

Question 34

what is authoritative parenting style

Answer 34

"lets discuss this" create pos rel enforce rules, set clear standards highly responsive, demand value expressive instrumental attribute, take ultimate responsibility

Question 35

what is authoritarian parenting style (overview)

Answer 35

obedience, punishment over discipline

Question 36

what is uninvolved parenting styles

Answer 36

gives little guidance, nurturing, attention low responsiveness, demandingness minimise time and energy on child know little about child, low interaction parent-centered need

Question 37

name 3 main elements of authoritative parenting

Answer 37

warmth (open, responsive to emotion needs), autonomy support (encourages individuality, independence), structure (clear rules, expectation of behaviours)

Question 38

what is balance between for authoritative parenting styles

Answer 38

responsiveness and demandingness autonomy and control

Question 39

what is higher warmth on authoritative parenting style associated with

Answer 39

higher protective, less risky beh, better psychosocial adjustments high maternal warmth - low neural activation during criticism, in amygdala ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate

Question 40

what is subgenual anterior cingulate involved in

Answer 40

emotional processing, high activation heavily implicates mood disorder

Question 41

what can maternal warmth predict

Answer 41

development of left and right OFC, amygdala

Question 42

outline relationship of parenting over time

Answer 42

increase autonomy, decrease time spent with parent reorganise parent-child rel varies across culture mid conflict appear for facilitating adolescent identity and autonomy

Question 43

outline relationship between female pubertal maturation and parental relationship

Answer 43

increased conflicts, increaed behaiour autnoomy

Question 44

explain impact from peer in development

Answer 44

increasing age = decrease numbers of close friends similar - educational aspiration, political belief, willigness to drugs, engage in crime

Question 45

name 3 main important characteristic of friendship

Answer 45

intimacy - psychological closeness mutual understanding loyalty

Question 46

what can close friendships provide adolescents

Answer 46

opportunity in exploring self, forming deep understandings of another foundation of future intimate rels help deal w/ stress improve attitude in schools

Question 47

explain friendship as protective factor

Answer 47

increase adjustment, self-esteem, protect against risk-taking behaviours mitigate neg impact of non optiaml fam environ

Question 48

how can authoritative parenting be protective factors

Answer 48

counteracts peer pressure brain change contribute for increase reward seeking, receptiveness to peer influence, reduce with age