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PSY1004 SEMESTER 2 > PSY1004 - SEMESTER 2 WEEK 5 > Flashcards

PSY1004 - SEMESTER 2 WEEK 5 Flashcards

1
Q

define puberty

A

period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation, with a universal sequence of physical changes but varying timing

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2
Q

what hormones are activated during female puberty

A

high oestrogen and progesterone, low testosterone

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3
Q

what hormones are activated during male pubtery

A

high testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

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4
Q

define menarche

A

term for cis girls first period, signalling ovulation begun

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5
Q

define spermarche

A

term for cis boys first ejaculation, which signals sperm production has begun

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6
Q

what does age of onset of puberty depend on

A

sex (girl>boy), genes and ethnicity, weight, and stress

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7
Q

how can social and cultural reactions impact emotion

A

visible body change = unkind comments, greater emotional reactivity whilst brain is still developing

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8
Q

name physical changes in puberty

A

oily, sweaty skin = acne
lymphoid system = decrease size of tonsils, adenoids. less at risk of athsma, cold

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9
Q

what hormones are in low level in pre-pubescent

A

GnRH (hypothalamus)
FSH/LH (anterior pituitary)

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10
Q

give evidence of limbic-hypothalamic system being responsible for immaturity of reproductive systems pre-puberty

A

immature gonad transplant into adult animal matures immediate
pituitary from adolescent into adult regulates normal reproductive function
lesions of hypothalamus and limbic system specific area prevent prepubescent animal developing normal reproductive function

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11
Q

what emotive system is in limbic system

A

“primitive” affective-motivational system

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12
Q

what is adolescent-specific behaviours explained by

A

maturational imbalance (conflict) between limbic system and prefrontal cortex - IC and disruptive behaviour (talking in class, inconsiderate of consequence), can’t withstand peer-pressure, link to risk-taking

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13
Q

what is Storm and Stress model

A

consider evolutionary, hormonal, environmental factor
human development reflects evolutionary development “animalistic” through to “civilised”
mediated by biology - primitive subcortical areas compared to higher functioning prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

what was adolescence viewed as (Hall)

A

period of inevitable turmoil = taking place during transition from childhood to adulthood, focusing on aggression and crime, and proposed “Storm and Stress” model

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15
Q

what is ventral striatum responsible for

A

salience of behaviour, motivation, receive input from basolateral amygdala

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16
Q

what is amygdala responsible for

A

responsible for emotion processing and fear responses, facilitate ventral striatum activities via direct input from basolateral nucleus

17
Q

what is prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex responsible for

A

EF, behaviour control, decision making

18
Q

what is medial prefrontal cortex responsible for

A

fear, emotive regulation, dense projections to inhibitory amygdala and GABAergic medium spiny neurons of ventral striatum

19
Q

what do cortico-cortical connections connect for emotion and social interaction

A

lateral and medial prefrontal cortex, to subcortical regions

20
Q

outline maturational imbalance model

A

imbalance between cortical control system, limbic system
in children PFC and subcortical region struggle communicating
adolescents = PFC and SCR loop mature, weaker signalling from PFC to SCR than SCR to PFC
by adulthood both are fully matured (signalling between SCR and PFC lessens but pathway between PFC, SCR strengthen)
“emotive brain” vs “logic brain”

21
Q

what parts of maturational imbalance model matures first

A

subcortical regions (amygdala, ventral striatum) and late maturation in prefrontal cortical region

22
Q

what does the dual-model propose regarding adolescence (current view)

A

focuses on structural and functional brain change, suggesting increased risk takings situated in broader concept of decision making, sat in broader concept of context
2 competing brain systems: reward sensitivity, cognitive control. behaviour break down when emotional system overpower cognitive control system

23
Q

at what age does 1/2 all lifetime mental health disorders start

A

14

24
Q

Merikangas et al (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S adolescent = what disorders were covered

A

anxiety, behavioural, mood, SUD

25
Q

Merikangas et al (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S = what disorder most common

A

anxiety (31.9%), behavioural (19.1), mood (14.3), SUD (11.4)

26
Q

outline sexual dimorphisms in adolescents mental health

A

potential diagnostic issue
spikes with ADHD, CD suggesting overlap
average onset age and trajectories is same but different prevalence, levels

27
Q

what is onset age for SUD (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine)

A

alcohol 16-19
cannabis 18-19
cocaine 21-24

28
Q

what is relationship between nature-nurture for adolescent onset of SUD

A

increase in influence of genetic factors across adolescence and corresponding decrease in influence of common environmental factors (eg; decreased protective factors) but cannot account for abuse

29
Q

what part of cannabis causes psychosis, but issues of this result

A

THC, also give cognitive effects
but other environmental and genetic factors, only small % users develop psychotic symptoms

30
Q

what does rat research show about exposure to cannabinoids

A

structural brain change, impaired synaptic plasticity
impact frontal limbic system (higher order function)

31
Q

how do adolescents differ to adults when rating sucrose and salt

A

sucrose (appetitive) more positive, salt (aversive) more negative
ventral striatum in limbic systems activated by sucrose more in adolescent (activates sensitivity to reward)
caudate activated more by salt in adolescent
insula activated more in adult by salt

32
Q

outline differences between adolescents and adults in face reactivity

A

greater activation in adolescent amygdala for both target and nontarget faces (would expect less reactivity for nontargets), more activation for fearful faces (negative response activation)

33
Q

how was risk taking measured in adolescents

A

stop-go light games

PSY1004 SEMESTER 2 (9 decks)

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