PSY1004 - SEMESTER 2 WEEK 5 Flashcards
define puberty
period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation, with a universal sequence of physical changes but varying timing
what hormones are activated during female puberty
high oestrogen and progesterone, low testosterone
what hormones are activated during male pubtery
high testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
define menarche
term for cis girls first period, signalling ovulation begun
define spermarche
term for cis boys first ejaculation, which signals sperm production has begun
what does age of onset of puberty depend on
sex (girl>boy), genes and ethnicity, weight, and stress
how can social and cultural reactions impact emotion
visible body change = unkind comments, greater emotional reactivity whilst brain is still developing
name physical changes in puberty
oily, sweaty skin = acne
lymphoid system = decrease size of tonsils, adenoids. less at risk of athsma, cold
what hormones are in low level in pre-pubescent
GnRH (hypothalamus)
FSH/LH (anterior pituitary)
give evidence of limbic-hypothalamic system being responsible for immaturity of reproductive systems pre-puberty
immature gonad transplant into adult animal matures immediate
pituitary from adolescent into adult regulates normal reproductive function
lesions of hypothalamus and limbic system specific area prevent prepubescent animal developing normal reproductive function
what emotive system is in limbic system
“primitive” affective-motivational system
what is adolescent-specific behaviours explained by
maturational imbalance (conflict) between limbic system and prefrontal cortex - IC and disruptive behaviour (talking in class, inconsiderate of consequence), can’t withstand peer-pressure, link to risk-taking
what is Storm and Stress model
consider evolutionary, hormonal, environmental factor
human development reflects evolutionary development “animalistic” through to “civilised”
mediated by biology - primitive subcortical areas compared to higher functioning prefrontal cortex
what was adolescence viewed as (Hall)
period of inevitable turmoil = taking place during transition from childhood to adulthood, focusing on aggression and crime, and proposed “Storm and Stress” model
what is ventral striatum responsible for
salience of behaviour, motivation, receive input from basolateral amygdala
what is amygdala responsible for
responsible for emotion processing and fear responses, facilitate ventral striatum activities via direct input from basolateral nucleus
what is prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex responsible for
EF, behaviour control, decision making
what is medial prefrontal cortex responsible for
fear, emotive regulation, dense projections to inhibitory amygdala and GABAergic medium spiny neurons of ventral striatum
what do cortico-cortical connections connect for emotion and social interaction
lateral and medial prefrontal cortex, to subcortical regions
outline maturational imbalance model
imbalance between cortical control system, limbic system
in children PFC and subcortical region struggle communicating
adolescents = PFC and SCR loop mature, weaker signalling from PFC to SCR than SCR to PFC
by adulthood both are fully matured (signalling between SCR and PFC lessens but pathway between PFC, SCR strengthen)
“emotive brain” vs “logic brain”
what parts of maturational imbalance model matures first
subcortical regions (amygdala, ventral striatum) and late maturation in prefrontal cortical region
what does the dual-model propose regarding adolescence (current view)
focuses on structural and functional brain change, suggesting increased risk takings situated in broader concept of decision making, sat in broader concept of context
2 competing brain systems: reward sensitivity, cognitive control. behaviour break down when emotional system overpower cognitive control system
at what age does 1/2 all lifetime mental health disorders start
14
Merikangas et al (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S adolescent = what disorders were covered
anxiety, behavioural, mood, SUD
