PSY1003 WEEK 4 Flashcards
explain trepanning (when, why, what
6500 BC, demonic possession, release spirits and also exorcisms
give a modern day example of a community which still believe in demonic possession for mental illness
(Uganda) Cen - ghost of dead visits individual and replaces identity
however, more common in ex-child soldiers (related to trauma response)
what was Hippocrates approach to mental disorder
460-377 BC = black, yellow bile, phlegm and blood
what was Burton’s 1621 approach to mental illness book detailing
“Anatomy Of Melancholy” describing poverty, fear and solitude as causes of melancholy
explain Kraeplin’s approach with mental illness (1883)
classification system of mental disorders and exogenous and endogenous
define psychopathology
the in-depth study of mental health problems
define clinical psychology
the branch of psychology which is responsible for understanding and treating psychopathology
what is the primary approach for the biological/medical model
identification of psychopathological causes to treat them with medication or surgery
give some examples of the biological approach (factors)
genetic vulnerability
neurochemical dsyfunction (serotonin + dopamine)
congenital risk factors (pregnancy infection)
environmental stress: HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) axis stress response
acquired lesions to brain structures
what are the 4 models in the psychological approach to explain psychopathology
psychoanalytic model (Freud)
behavioural theory (Skinner)
humanistic-existential approach (Rogers)
cognitive model (Ellis)
what does the psychoanalytic model believe psychopathology is caused by
unconscious processes - not progressing through developmental stages, denial, repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalisation, displacement, sublimation
define reaction formation (psychoanalytic model)
doing or thinking opposite of how you feel (eg: when angry at boss, may go out of way to be kind)
define projection (psychoanalytic model)
assigning unwanted impulse to someone (eg: unfaithful husband jealous of wife may think she is always cheating)
define displacement (psychoanalytic model)
moving impulse from target object to other
define rationalisation (psychoanalytic model)
finding rational explanation for something you did wrong
define sublimation (psychoanalytic model)
transforming impulses into something constructive
what were the initial goals of the psychoanalytic model
find causes of hysteria and spontaneous paralysis, use of hypnosis to help client discuss trauma and later psychoanalysis
what influence has psychoanalytic model had
talking therapies
2010 = 18% modern practicing clinical psychologists are psychodynamic
brought notion of origin in early experiences, not always a biological cause
suggestions of defence mechanisms
what are issues with psychoanalytic model
cannot observe or measure, no objective research, lacking evidence
outline behavioural theory for psychopathology
learnt via classical and operant conditioning
a learning theory meaning dysfunctional behaviours (just like adaptive behaviours) can be acquried via learning
classical = emotional disorders (anxiety, phobia) associate phobic stimuli with trauma
operant = acquisit and maintain substance depenency, self-harming, disruptive and challenging behaviours
in humanistic-existential approach, what is positively developed and encouraged when treating psychopatholog
acquire self-awareness, develop value and sense of meaning for life, search for freedom of choice
outline client-centred therapy (humanistic-existential approach)
humans inherintly good, if unrestricted by fear and conflict then will develop as happy and well-adjusted, create supportive atmosphere in therapy to allow positive self-worth, empathy, unconditional positive regard
give positives of humanistic-existential approach
doesn’t place emphasis on how acquire disorder, but how to treat + move on
what are the research findings for humanistic-existential effectiveness
some controlled studies indicate client fair no better than in non-therapeutic treatment however others find significant effectiveness over 5-years compared to a wait list control condition
explain the cognitive model for psychopatholoy explainations (Ellis and Beck)
emotional distress is caused primarily by development of irrational and dysfunctional beliefs used to judge self-behaviour resulting in distress
what treatment comes from cognitive model, and give some applications to disorders
CBT - highly successful, based on idea that depression is result of negative beliefs on self, world and future
applied to Sz paranoid thinking, antisocial and impulsive behaviour in personality disorders
give a limitation of cognitive model
are dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs a symptom of psychopathology, not a cause
what the 3 aspects of biopsychosocial model?
biological: genetic, gender, NT, brain lesions, physical illness
social: social network, interpersonal events, social opportunities, norms, ethnicity, culture
psycho: goals, coping skills, cognitive processes, learned behaviours, beliefs and attitudes
what is a token economy (+ evaluation)
using operant conditioning to learn desired self-helping social behaviours
declined in modern day due to legal/ethical issues of withholding desired materials and events
lacks of consensus on effectiveness
what was the treatment approach pre 19th century
no government response meaning privately funded asylum, combat moral degeneration, social weakness and treating individuals like animals
what are milieu therapies
therapeutic community on ward to develop productivity, responsibility and self-respect
led to sooner discharge and less chance of relapses
what was the quaker movement of ‘moral treatment’
removed shackles, mentally ill patients treated as sick, favouring hope and understanding, moral responsibility, occupational therapy
why is life-long hospitalisation not viable
economic issues, not an environment for patients improvement, social breakdown syndrome
evaluate defining an individuals psychopathology
context is important as this can impact whether normal or abnormal
disposition (personality, style choice)
where do we draw the line
what is normal? how can we define
what are the 4 approaches of psychopathology defining
statistical, normative, functional, distress-based
outline deviation from statistical norms as method for defining psychopathology
having an attribute or displaying behaviour deviating substantially from statistical norm (uses graph)
give one strength of deviation from statistical norm
can be applied to low IQ>70, offers objectivity and measurability
what are issues with deviation from statistical norms
measurement error- variation in questionnaire results
regression to mean- seeks treatment at breaking point, then after treatment regresses to mean
extreme values do not always imply extreme problems
where is the cut off
diagnostic categorisation not always helpful
high IQ is abnormal but okay
outline deviation from social and political norms as method for defining psychopathology
based on assumption that socially acceptable behaviour represents adaptive ways of being, deviating from social norm is viewed as an abnormality
give weaknesses of deviation from social norm
intolerance of individual differences
norms are socially constructed and arbitrary
can lead to power abusing
outline a functional approach (maladaptive behaviour and harmful dysfunction) as a method for defining psychopathology
based on notion that someone unable to function may be maladapted/impaired
DSM-5 include social, occupational and educational functioning in diagnostic
behaviour can threat self or others healthi
give some issues of maladaptive behaviour (functional approach to definition)
assumes universal need
based on individualistic world view
tends to expect conformity with societal expectations
some behaviours are maladaptive but are not illness (terrorism - harmful however not MHI)
some forms of psychopathology not representative for maladaptive behaviour as serve protective or adaptive functions (water phobias)
outline distress-based approach as method for defining psychopathology
based on individuals distress or inability to cope with experience/problem. not based on conformity to societal norm, but own perspective on what is normal or not
common diagnostic criteria is ‘clinical significant distress and impairement in social, academic, ocupation function’
give strengths of a distress-based approach to defining
gathered from interview and ask individual how they feel about their own mental health not in comparison to others, allows individual judgement of normality
judge mental health on their coping skills, not on contribution to society, violation of social norm, dispositional choice
give weaknesses of distress-based approach of defining
lack of insight into nature of problems - severe mental health difficulty, child
highly subjective
risk of ‘medicalising’ normal reactions to adverse circumstances
what did deinstitutionalisation cause
in 1990 progressive recovery approach
emphasis on restoring dignity, autonomy, opportunity, social inclusion in recovery
define stigma
negative or unfair attitudes or beliefs about mental health problems
define social stigma
prejudicial attitudes and discriminating behaviour directed towards individuals with mental health problems as a result of psychiatric labels they have been given
define internalised stigma
self stigma by mental health sufferer, affecting feelings of shame, lead to poorer treatment outcome
define associative stigma
prejudice and discrimination experienced by families because of their relationship with the person with mental health problems
who can hold stigmatising belief
1,700 adults in UK believe mentally ill dangerous, regardless of knowing someone with a MHI, and stigma directed at young person can be from teacher, family, peers
