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PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 > PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 6 > Flashcards

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 6 Flashcards

1
Q

state 3 components of anxiety response where anxiety disorder may be present

A

out of proportion
constantly occuring and not easily attributable to specific threat
persist chronically and so impactful that causes constant emotional distress

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2
Q

what is diagnostic criteria for phobias

A
  1. disproportionate fear relating to specific object/situation
  2. actively avoided
  3. significant distress in important areas of functioning
  4. symptoms unexplanable by other, present for at least 6 months
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3
Q

provide epidemiology of phobias

A

lower figures for children than adults (more reluctant to own up to phobias)
more common in women - reporter bias?

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4
Q

give diagnostic criteria for PTSD

A
  1. exposure to trauma
  2. intrusive (flashbacks and dreams)
  3. avoid external/internal reminders
  4. negative changes in cognitions and mood (negative emotion, reduced activities interest, extreme negative expectations, unable to recall traumas)
  5. increased arousal and reactivity (cant sleep, hypervigilance)
  6. unexplained by other
  7. worsen, continue for a month, cause significant functioning difficulties
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5
Q

explain comorbidity of PTSD

A

last for years and linked to depression, suicide, self-harm

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6
Q

give diagnostic criteria for OCD

A
  1. presence of obsessions
  2. belief behaviour prevents catastrophic events
  3. obsessions and compulsions cause difficulty in functioning
  4. unexplained by other
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7
Q

name 4 DSM separate OCD-related disorders

A

body dysmorphic disorder
hoarding disorder
trichotillomania
skin-picking disorder

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8
Q

state 5 sub groups of specific phobias

A

animal
natural environment
blood-injection-injury
situational eg: fear of flying (needs further evaluation to determine whether phobia of stimulus, or enclosed space etc.)
other

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9
Q

explain the cultural aspect of specific phobias

A

cultural difference in kinds of stimuli and events becoming phobia stimuli, Japanese TKS is fear of embarrassing others but Western social is based on public embarassaments on an individual

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10
Q

define specific phobia

A

marked fear or anxiety confined to specific object/situation, links to fight-flight response

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11
Q

outline psychoanalytic account of specific phobia

A

defences against anxiety produced by repressed id impulse, associated with external events or situations that have symbolic relevance to impulses

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12
Q

outline Little Hans (psychoanalytic account)

A

developed phobia of horses due to an generalised Oedipus complex

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13
Q

evaluate psychoanalytic account of specific phobia

A

lack objective evidence, but interpreting patient using anxiety disorder as functional tool to avoid confrontation with more challenging issues is relevant

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14
Q

outline 2 factor theory of phobia (classical conditioning)

A

1st stage: learn to associate stimuli with unpleasant and aversive outcome, causes learnt fear response
2nd stage: learn that avoiding stimulus reduce fear

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15
Q

outline observational learning in acquisition of phobias

A

vicarious learning (learning via observing others behavioural consequence) and fear info (hearing other say stimuli is scary)

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16
Q

outline the pattern of fear in children

A

infancy: fear immediate environmental stimulus (loud noise)
before adolescence: fear physical injury
early adolescence: social situations
not phobias but normal parts of development

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17
Q

evaluate classical conditioning approach of specific phobia

A
  1. not all phobia linked to traumatic experience
  2. not all trauma cause phobia
  3. more likely to develop evolutionary phobia than that of actual threatening stimulus like guns
  4. doesn’t account incubation = fear increasing over successive encounters
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18
Q

describe preparedness theory (biological account) of phobia

A

biologically prepared/pre-wired to acquire specific phobias

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19
Q

describe evolutionary perspective (biological account) of specific phobias

A

biological predisposition to learn to associate fear with hazardous stimuli from ancestors, who increased survival chance - however unfalsifiable

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20
Q

give real-world evidence for biological accounts of specific phobias

A

rare to have phobia for life threatening stimuli only occurring recently in phylogenetic past

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21
Q

explain Seligman’s biological preparedness theory of specific phobias

A

born with predisposition not actual phobias

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22
Q

how do classical conditioning studies provide evidence for biological predispositions to phobia

A

when shown photos of fear-relevant stimuli (snake) and electric shock (UCS), develop fear quicker, and show greater resistance to extinction
rhesus monkeys that had never seen snake formed fear following another money being frighteneded but not to rabbit

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23
Q

describe non-associative fear acquisition model of specific phobias

A

fear of set of biologically relevant stimuli develops naturally after early encounters, no specific traumas needed, then repeated exposure causes habituation and innate fear disappears = children initially frightened of water but then stop

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24
Q

outline role of amygdala in specific phobias

A

mediate fear response to phobic stimulus
located in medial temporal lobe, plays significant role in forming, storing memories associated with emotive relevant event

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25
Q

what does amygdala activation by emotive input result in

A

coordination of info from higher cortical area +subcortical nuclei, causes hypothalamus to activate sympathetic response (run away) and amygdala (behavioural response- feel need to escape situ)

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26
Q

give fMRI support for neurocircuitry accounts of specific phobias in blood-injury-injection phobias

A

show biphasic response starting with increased HR, BP
result in decreased parasympathetic responding, causing fainting

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27
Q

outline cognitive theory of specific phobias

A

acquired through cognitive bias and maladaptive thinking
attentional bias pay more attention to threat-relevant stimuli, and reasoning bias (rate spider more likely to cause harm than non-phobi ppts)

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28
Q

evaluate cognitive theory for specific phobia

A

unsure if phobia or cognitive bias developed first = psych disorder learnt independently of cognition but cognitive biases act to maintain anxieties
do individuals pay more attention to stimulus that it evokes a fear

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29
Q

explain multiple pathway theory of specific phobias

A

different phobia types acquired in different way:
1. trauma
2. emotion: associate with a disgust, a greater disgust sensitivity
3. disease-avoidance model: develop phobia of animal

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30
Q

explain comorbidity of phobias

A

40-65% with other disorders like panic, share important characteristics like panic attack

31
Q

outline biological factors in PTSD

A
  1. gene-environment interactions= genetic predisposition and an exposure
  2. smaller underdeveloped hippocampus (work with memory)
  3. prefrontal cortex, amygdala disconnected = overactive amygdala, can’t control fears
32
Q

name vulnerability factors for PTSD

A
  1. feel overly responsible
  2. highly anxious, or other mental disorder
  3. low IQ- lack coping strategies for stress
  4. developmental factors - childhood issues (early seperation, unstable)
  5. mental defeat- negative view of world or self-schema
  6. family history
33
Q

explain avoidance and dissociation with PTSD

A

avoidance coping avoids thinking about events mean more likely to develop PTSD
dissociation is feeling of detached from mind, body and associated with inability to recall important personal info of stressful type

34
Q

outline conditioning theory for PTSD

A

UCS (trauma), associated with situational cue (CS), encountered elicits CR (fear, and arousal experienced during trauma)
suggests CR fear doesn’t extinguish due to developing cognitive and physical avoidance

35
Q

explain emotion/info processing theory of PTSD

A

memories from trauma processed and stored differently than normal
severe trauma associated with specific cue override previous positive association
change past assumption about safety, more cues elicit response to fear, startle hypervigilance

36
Q

outline dual representation theory of PTSD

A

VAM (verbally accessible memory) and SAM (situationally accessible memory), with these memory systems linking to amygdala

37
Q

what is VAM (verbally accessible memory)

A

easily accessible, consciously processed, narrative (contain info about event, context, personal evaluations of experience), integrated with biological and autobiographical memories so readily retrieved

38
Q

what is SAM (situationally accessible memory)

A

perception based info from sensory channel and isn’t consciously processed (sounds, smells), trigger flashback, support idea of separate memory system

39
Q

explain mental defeat, linking to PTSD

A

individual see self as victim, process all info negatively, see self as unable to act effective, adding to distress and influencing trauma recall
cause maladaptive behaviour and cognitive strategy, individual believes cannot influence fate, or protect self from future trauma
feels not in full control

40
Q

what symptoms can mental defeat (PTSD) cause

A

don’t integrate event into autobiography so re-experience, difficulty recall info, dissociations

41
Q

define obsessions

A

intrusive and recurring thoughts that the individual find disturbing and uncontrollable

42
Q

define compulsions

A

represent repetitive or ritualised behaviour patterns that the individual feel driven to perform in order to prevent some negative outcome from happening

43
Q

name 4 OCD types

A
  1. checking
  2. contaminations
  3. symmetry and ordering
  4. ruminations/intrusive thoughts
44
Q

what is autogenous obsessions

A

seem uncontrollable and comes out of blue

45
Q

when does OCD present usually

A

early adolescence post stress event, symptoms as a common way for anxiety to manifest itself in childhood

46
Q

explain OCD’s epidemiology

A

universal characteristics regardless of individuals culture
predominantly female patients

47
Q

explain genetic influence of OCD

A

high concordance for MZ twins
family relatives higher diagnosis, recently identified candidate gene

48
Q

explain biological factors for OCD - brain injury

A

traumatic brain injury of encephalitis cause neurological deficit which give rise to doubting

49
Q

explain biological factors of OCD - neuroanatomy

A

increased blood to frontal lobe and basal ganglia after shown obsession/compulsive stimuli
basic info processing EF deficit (planning, attentional control, poor spatial WM and recognition, visual attention and memory, motor responses initiation)

50
Q

explain genetic predeterminism theory for OCD

A

obsessions and compulsions are genetically stored and learned behaviours, are involuntary triggerd by brain, unable to inhibit, and neuroimaging shows OCD compulsion result from failure of inhibitory pathways from basal ganglia inhibiting innate behaviour pattern

51
Q

psychological factors of OCD - outline doubting influence

A

memory deficit giving rise to doubting (less confidence in memory validity, deficit in abilities distinguishing between real and imagined memory and action)
however, recently suggest deficit giving rise to doubt not memory issue but EF (lots of time checking overload EF, resulting in poor info encoding, less attentional control from irrelevant info)

52
Q

explain using clinical constructs in OCD treatment

A

use clinicals experience to develop constructs linking thoughts, beliefs, cognitive processes to subsequent symptoms. allow objective measurement and provide insight into how symptoms affected by cognition

53
Q

outline 5 key dysfunctional cognitions for OCD

A

inflated responsiblity
thought-action-fusion
mental contamination
thought suppression
pervasion and role of mood

54
Q

OCD cognition- outline inflated responsibility

A

inflated conception of own responsibility to prevent harm, believe has the power preventing negative outcomes

55
Q

OCD cognition- thought-action-fusion

A

believe thoughts influence world events, could lead to an action

56
Q

OCD cognition- mental contamination

A

feelings of dirtiness provoked without any physical contact with contaminant, caused by images, thoughts, memories

57
Q

OCD cognition- thought suppression

A

obsessive thought is intrusive, aversive, may actively try to suppress thoughts

58
Q

OCD cognition- pervasion and roles of mood

A

mood as input hypothesis = act out ritual in a negative mood, only stop when feeling better- endemic negative mood are interpreted as providing info they’ve not completed task properly so continues

59
Q

explain clinical assessments in phobia intervention

A

use a validated measure like fear survey schedule along idiosyncratic measure (asking ppts feelings) and behavioural approach tests to gain objective measure of fear. aim to formulate client problem, where phobias start, trigger, feeling, patient action

60
Q

what is BATs

A

behavioural approach tests - approach situation, measure how far along they can get

61
Q

describe exposure therapy for phobia intervention

A

facing fear via fear hierarchy, challenge irrational beliefs that has been upholded by avoidance

62
Q

evaluate phobia intervention

A

secondary gain- patient asks others to help them face and prevent fear perpetuations
many relapse as therapies too restricted (not in real-life situation), if behaviours not practiced are lost
combining behavioural treatment to CBT to create integrated short-term therapy with cognitive restructing and intensive exposure to phobic event, stimuli, modelling

63
Q

explain psychological debriefing in PTSD intervention (Crisis Intervention, CISM- Critical Incident Stress Management)

A

aim to prevent PTSD developing. asked to explain, describes experience, feelings, trauma-related symptoms. 24-72 hours, reassure normal people who experience an abnormal event, explain purpose, discuss future needs

64
Q

evaluate psychological debriefing in PTSD intervention

A

lack evidence of reducing PTSD, and may actually have adverse effects

65
Q

outline exposure therapies for PTSD intervention

A

confront, experience event related to trauma using graded exposure
detailed narrative of event - computer generated images - visualise trauma related scenes - exposure to trauma cues
extinguishs cue and fear associations, disconfirming symptom maintaining dysfunctional belief

66
Q

outline EMDR in PTSD intervention (exposure therapy)

A

eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing
focus on image and follow therapists finger, continue until reported significant decrease in anxiety whilst encouraged to positively restructure memories, think positive thoughts in relation to image

67
Q

explain imaginal flooding in PTSD intervention (exposure therapy)

A

exposure to trauma related scene for extended periods of time

68
Q

explain cognitive restructing for PTSD intervention

A

evaluate, replace intrusive and negative automatic thoughts
evaluate and change dysfunctional belief for self, world, future
change beliefs of world being dangerous place, or personal incompetences

69
Q

outline ERP - exposure and ritual prevention as OCD intervention

A

graded exposure to distress situation, ritual prevention. practice competing behaviours, habit reversal, modifying compulsive rituals
cause anxiety extinguished by habituating link between obsession and their distress, eliminating rituals which negatively reinforce anxiety, disconfirming dysfunctional beliefs

70
Q

explain evaluation of ERP in OCD interventions

A

highly flexible, group and family therapy, self-help, computer based = long term efficacy
many patients never do ERP as 30% drop out due to so difficult to exposure to fear trigger

71
Q

outline CBT for OCD intervention

A

target and modify dysfunctional beliefs of fear, thoughts, significance of ritual
act out fears to disconfirm belief of responsibility appraisal, thoughts over-importance, exaggerated perception of threat

72
Q

outline pharmacological treatment as OCD intervention

A

SSRI, tricylic antidepressants

73
Q

evaluate pharmacological treatments in OCD intervention

A

cheap and short-term effective, but no idea why SSRI work
tricyclic can reduce persistence and frequency of rituals but only when comorbids with depression
less effective than psych intervention

74
Q

outline neurosurgery for OCD intervention

A

last resort, cingulotomies (disrupt cingulate cortex, prevent OCDs cycle)

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 (10 decks)

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