Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 > PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 4 > Flashcards

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 4 Flashcards

1
Q

explain what neurocognitive disorder is

A

disorders results in loss of cognitive function due to neurocognitive basis, distinct from psychological disorders (instead arise from direct insult to neural sites like disease, trauma degeneration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what has NCD been previously referred to in the DSM

A

delirium, amnestic, dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is DSM name changed for a NCD

A

introduction of mild NCD onto diagnosis to represent spectrum. allows mild NCD seeling help, relieve stress as may not yet meet a dementia criteria despite clearly exhibiting symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the impact of new NCD diagnosis categories in dementia

A

leading cause of death in UK and cant screen due to limited early biomarkers and idiopathic causes, so early NCD diagnostic allows early intervention to provide patient supports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name benefits of early diagnosis of NCDs

A

mild NCD often progress to major NCD allowing early interventions and symptom monitoring
neuropathology underlying NCD often emerge before symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why are mild NCDs on rise in young and old

A

increased acquired NCD by head injury (medical advances allowing survival), 21st military tactics causing IED higher proportions of closed brain injury, examination and understanding of cumulative repeated minor brain injury (boxers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is NCD diagnosis normally first based on?

A

earliest visible behavioural signs, representing cognitive decline (memory, attention, language, EF, perception, visuospatial skill, learning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what NCD comorbid with in most case

A

depression, anxiety, personality change and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

outline amnesia

A

inability to learn new info, failure to recall past events from past or future events. also presents with gradual onset in dementia due to damage to hippocampus or broader temporal lobe injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

specific traumatic head injuries often results in what type of amnesias?

A

anterograde amnesia: memory loss for info acquired post onset of amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

outline attention and arousal deficit in NCD

A

earliest indication of onset NCD
lack of attention, increasing distractibility
performance of well-learnt activities slowed
difficulty focusing and keeping up with conversations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes attention and arousal deficits of NCD

A

diffuse neural basis - frontal and parietal regions implicated but network extends to subcortical structures (lowers diagnostic value)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name several EF components associated with prefrontal cortex

A

WM, problem solving, goal-directed behaviour, attentional control, inhibitory control, planning and monitor complex behaviour, change to routine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are EF deficits presented in NCDs

A

poor judgement, inappropriate behaviour, erratic mood swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can EF deficit be presented in higher order intellectual functionings

A

inability to make simple math calculations, reason deductively, draw on general knowledge when undertaking activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain Brocas aphasia

A

disruption of ability producing speech, but comprehension often maintained and non-fluent speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is Broca aphasia

A

left frontal and temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

give symptoms for Brocas aphasia

A

difficulty displayed for word ordering, selection and inflection, agrammatism, anomia, slow stunted articulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define agrammatism

A

flat delivery of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define anomia

A

poor word retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain Wernickes aphasia

A

production of incoherent and jumbled speech with deficit of understanding spoken written language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is Wernicke aphasia

A

posterior temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

give symptoms of Wernickes aphasia

A

anomia, intonation remain intact (can covey emotions through spech), structurally intact speech rate, unaware of impairements, reading and writing impairements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define conduction aphasia

A

inability to produce back what someone has said to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
give visuo-perceptual functioning deficit in NCD
inability to process sensory info, unable to recognise objects or people, independent of memory loss (agnosia)
26
name 3 type for agnosia
prosopagnosia, amusia, akinetopsia
27
what is prosopagnosia
face blindness, high incidence rate from stroke in right hemisphere, pure rare but more common to struggle identifying familiar face, judging expression, but can still show understanding of components of face (naming nose, lips)
28
what is amusia
deficit of perceptual tone, tune, melodies
29
what is akinetopsia?
movement (motion blindness)- loss of fluid motion perception, stroboscopic vision (slow loads gif), acuity for static objects preserved (able to describe, recognise an object), extreme cases show completely lost motion perception (visual perceptions are series of static images)
30
what is apraxia
loss of ability to execute learned movements, sometime perform behaviour as part of routine (unable on command)distinct, often comorbid with aphasia
31
what cause apraxia?
lesions/posterior parietal lobes degeneration, precise brain area damaged correspond to damage to part of body
32
whats limb apraxia
ability to perform gestures, interact with objects
33
whats speech apraxia
deficits in planning and sequency required movements to produce sounds in speech
34
explain delirium
disturbance of attention and awareness that is reflected in reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain and shift attention. develops over short time, cannot understand simple question, shift attention, usually accompanies memory learning deficit, disorientation, perceptual disturbances/hallucination
35
when does a delirium develop
rapidly over hours or days, or after a head injury, can resolve in few hours or week+
36
name 8 DSM-5 specific NCDs
Alzheimers, vascular NCD, Parkinson NCD, NCD tramatic brain injuries, HIV infection NCD, prion disease NCD, Huntingtons disease NCD, frontotemporal NCD
37
what are vascular NCD
strokes - aphasia, agnosia, apraxia, paralysis, usually from thrombosis in a left cerebral artery (causes disability in right side)
38
explain NCDs due to HIV infection
HIV enters CNS, impairs EF, slows processing speed, attentional task problem, difficulty learning info, poor STM, lacking concentration, leg weakness, slow hand movement, depression
39
what are NCD due to prion disease
"mad-cow" disease, spongiform encephalography, attacks brain and CNS causing verbal fluency, numeracy, memory, face recognition, EF deficits
40
what are NCD due to Huntingtons disease
involuntary limb jerking, psychosis, mood swing, impairement in cognitive functions of memory, attention, decision making
41
why is identifying specific NCDs cause important
determing deficit nature and nueral insult location, providing info for type, onsets, severity, symptom progression. discrimination between neurological/psychological symptom, identify focus for rehab programmes
42
what are NCD diagnosis normally based on
neuropsychological testing for cognitive or behavioural impairments- supplemented by brain scans (EEG, fMRI, PET), biomarker assessments (CSF, blood tests), behavioural info, history
43
name difficulties of diagnosing an NCD
-NCD symptom/deficit could resemble other disorder -emergence of psychological problem during early stage of cognitive decline -misdiagnoses -symptom overlaps between disorders -closed head traumas producing memory deficits that resemble Alzheimers single factors causing broader symptom, such as brain tumor
44
explain a difficulty in diagnosing NCD - symptoms/deficit resmebling other disorders
amnesia in dissociative disorders, language and EF deficits in sz. depending on age either diagnosed dementia/sz motor coordination deficit, paralysis, or sensory input impairment can be in somatic disorders such as conversions disorder
45
explain a difficulty in diagnosing NCD - misdiagnoses
improved via brain imaging however can be diagnosed as a rae neurological which can impact rehabilitation, care
46
explain a difficulty in diagnosing NCD - closed head injury causing memory issue
diagnosed as Alzheimer's but a common risk factor age (more likely to diagnosed as dementia, but also a closed head injury from an fall)
47
explain a difficulty in diagnosing NCD - single factors (eg: a brain tumor) causing broader symptom
emotionality, speech disorder, sensory perception deficits, aggressiveness
48
explain major NCD when classifying disorders
reflect substantial cognitive impairment, in at least one domain (complex attention, EF, memory, learning, language, perceptual-motor, social cognition) past DSM categorised as being dementia
49
explain mild NCD when categorising
moderate imapirement
50
name the key deficits that are present in major NCD
language becoming empty, vague, can't name everyday object apraxia and agnosia EF function: difficulty managing new tasks, recalling basic knowledge, difficulty counting or reciting alphabet poor jdugement- risks, inappropriate joke, poor hygeine, socials conduct
51
give 2 example for NCD assessment
Wechsler adult intelligence Scale-IV Montreal Cognitive assessment
52
outline wechsler adult intelligence scale-IV
aggregate measure used to provide a broad score, represent ability of: 1. verbal comprehension 2. perceptual organisation 3. WM 4. info processing speed
53
give 2 advantages of wechsler adult intelligence scale-IV
give info on deficits source (alcohol abuse, Alzheimers, stroke) provides info on developmental stage where deficit emerges
54
give 2 weaknesses of wechsler adult intelligence scale-IV
difficult applying - attention, sitting still or apraxia
55
what is included in a montreal cognitive assessment
high sensitivity tool used to diagnose a mild NCD, simpler tasks: 1. trail making tasks (processing speed, integration of visuomotor functions) 2. clock drawing tasks (visual neglect) 3. simple word lists (comprehension, WM, repeating words over different time spans)
56
what is role of psychologist in NCDs rehab
rehab cognitive and behavioural function help client develop strategy compensating for deficits therapy for comorbid disorders supporting client to structure living environment and accomodate cogntive change
57
name disadvantages of biological treatments in NCDs
limited long term efficacy - current intervention can only mask symptoms adverse side effect surgical treatment invasive, risky tractable cause often needed
58
provide an overview of cognitive rehab programmes
flexible to nature or length of deficit gain cognitive functioning in range of domains (basic training, extended practicing task, performance feedback) digital intervention like virtual environments, memory training programmes, apps
59
explain memory deficit intervention - everyday memory prompts
focus on compensatory skill label cupboard/rooms, pager and diary for aiding recall for daily event (more advanced tech difficult with older patient) usful in prompting recall of known events, but need other strategies for developing new memory
60
explain memeory deficit intervention - visual imagery mnemonics
lead to reliable improvements of memory (associates imagery with memorable item, like number)
61
give evaluation of visual imagery memory interventions mnemonics
efficacy depends on memory impaired severity, patient motivation need explicit prompting and support, and can fail generalising use to new situation (limited everyday value)
62
describe errorless learning
training procedure, involve patient being prevents from making any errors whilst learning new skills
63
describe intervention in attentional deficit - APT(attention process training)
employ different strategy which promote and encourage attentional abilities, like listening to tape containing targets that patient needs to distinguish (require employing shifts of attention based on previous info like pressing buzzer when word is opposite of previous words)
64
provide support for attentional intervention (APT)
support improvement for attention abilities and memory functioning, APT superior to the basic attention/memory therapy, shown to provide gain for everyday activity, or you can use TPM
65
what is TPM (follow on from APT)
time pressure management - providing client with compensatory skills allowing them to effectively manage slow info processing
66
what do EF intervention usually include?
problem solving, planning and goal directed behaviours, with interventions often involving training planning and goal management, problem solving skills
67
what is GMT in EF intervention?
goal management training - beneficial impact for sustained attention and goal-directed behaviour either via a therapist or app
68
give 6 stages of GMT
1. evaluate current problem "what am i doing" 2. specify relevant goal as outcome of successfully addressing problem 3. partitioning of problem solving (steps) 4. assist patients with learning and retention of subgoal "do i know steps" 5. self monitoring of results of action " am i doing what plan" 6. goal completed and managed effecively, or redo
69
outline SIT (EF intervention)
self-instructional training- learns sets of instructions for talking themselves through particular problem 1. raise personal self awareness of deficit 2. increase problem solving strategies 3. improve emotional self regulation, reduce overall frustration = holistic, developing individuals awareness of disability
70
explain drawbacks of visuoperceptual intervention
lacking cases in agnosia recovery
71
what does visuoperceptual deficits intervention tend to focus on
relying on compensatory strategy eg: prosopagnosia focuses on voice, body shape and gait to help recognitions
72
outline evidence of visuoperceptual interventions (CH)
39 year old, male, able to distinguish emotion expression, familiar faces after 11 months systematic practice
73
outline evidence for visuoperceptual deficits intervention (AL)
child recovered ability to recognise familial faces after slow and deliberate practice for multiple years (possibly due to increased plasticity as done during still a child)
74
explain visual scanning task (interventions for visuo-perceptual deficits)
patient asked to read out coloured numbers on wall (scanning full frontal environment), manually track red ball projected on wall (help coordinate scanning/physical movement), react to moving images as projected on wall (faciliate detection of stimulus), move projected image of wheelchair down 3 lane road whilst avoiding obstacle = reduce unilateral visual neglect symptoms, improve performance on a real-life wheelchair obstacle course
75
what can apraxia mean for everyday task
planning and actions sequence deficits due to gesture learning impaired, insults on motor memory system, struggling cooking or dressing, meaning relying on caregiver. unable to plan sequence of action, exhibiting inappropriate gestures (pouring water from closed bottle)
76
in apraxia interventions give examples for how gestural training effective for rehab
limb apraxia- demonstrate use of common object, mimic observed gesture, distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate use of objects associated with significant reduction in errors during everyday tasks
77
when could VR be important in interventions of apraxia
when mistakes are dangerous (driving)
78
outline interventions for language deficits
in generic deficits undergo standard speech therapy- assists with production and comprehension of speech often with both practicioners and home based computer assisted therapy
79
what does (aphasia interventions) constraint induced movement therapy aim to do
often develops compensatory behaviours like pointing which can improve communication but limits speech producing recovery
80
what does constraint induced movement therapy involve?
for aphasia = mass practice of verbal responses where unable to gesture (also relevant in stroke recoverys)
81
evaluate using constraint induced movement therapies
shown to improve self clinician and observer rating of communication ability, can be efficacious but difficult, frustrating = slow improvement
82
outline interventions in aphasia group communication treatments
focuses instead on increasing communications any way goal-directed, tailored to personal situation improves communicative abilities when compared with matched patients not in treatment use speech, art, music etc
83
what are impacts of NCD for caregiver?
providing physical, economic, emotional support, restricted socials life, avoidant coping (ignoring problems and aoiding new situ)- correlates with levels of depression in elderly caregivers in dementia
84
what are interventions involved in a caregiver support programme
modifying home environment to support sufferer, training skill to develop self-care behaviours of sufferer, reduce aggression or wandering, peer support groups

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions