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PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 > PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 5 > Flashcards

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 5 Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 purpose of emotion

A

communication, survival, maintaining health and wellbeing, social interaction, behavioural regulating, avoiding danger

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2
Q

explain Darwin’s theory of emotion - biopsychology

A

displayed in all species and universal (look very similar)
emotional response accompanies same emotional state in other species, evolved from behaviours indicating animal action/threat
if signal benefits animal, evolves to enhance communication so original function may be lost

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3
Q

what is principle of antithesis

A

opposite messages are often signalled by opposite movement and postures

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4
Q

outline James-Lange pathway theory of emotion

A

threat - physiological arousal - emotion and fear

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5
Q

explain James-Lange theory of emotion

A

cortex detect threat stimuli, result in physiological stimulation of visceral organs via ANS, in skeletal muscle via SNS
interpret internal change as emotion

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6
Q

outline pathway of Cannon-Bard theory

A

threat - physiological arousal - emotion and fear

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7
Q

explain Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

emotional stimulus triggers 2 simultaneous and independent effects of physiological arousal and emotions. feeling of emotion in brain, expression in ANS, SNS

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8
Q

lack of support in James-Lange and Cannon-Bard led to what

A

modern biopsychological view:
each of 3 principle factors in emotional response (perception of stimulus, autonomic and somatic response, experience of emotion) influences other 2

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9
Q

what is sham rage

A

in decorticated cats, respond aggressively to small provocation suggesting hypothalamus critical in expression of aggression. function of cortex in inhibiting and directing response

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10
Q

what is 2-factor theory of emotion

A

threat - physiological arousal and emotion/fear works in loop
suggest more complex relationship between physiological arousal, emotion, fear (all influence other component)

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11
Q

explain the specificity-generality principles of ANS reaction in James-Lange theory

A

different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity and produce different emotive experiences

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12
Q

explain the specificity-generality principles of ANS reaction in Cannon-Bard theory

A

all emotional stimuli produce same patterns of sympathetic activation to prepare for actions

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13
Q

what is polygraphy

A

interrogative method employing ANS index of emotion, inferring truthfulness of response. not fully successful in real due to question eliciting emotive reaction regardless of truth/not

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14
Q

what is facial feedback hypothesis?

A

when asking ppt to display emotion, begin to feel it, suggesting emotion displayed impacts emotive state

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15
Q

name the 6 primary facial expressions

A

surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness

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16
Q

name 2 ways to distinguish true/false expression

A

microexpressions of real emotions break through false expression, lasting 0.05 second
subtle difference between true/false

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17
Q

why is fear most commonly studied

A

most easy emotion to observably infer between different species and play important adaptive function (motivate threats avoidance, aids survival)

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18
Q

outline role of amygdala in fear conditionings

A

receive input from sensory system, send to periaqueductal grey (behavioural response) and hippocampus (sympathetic response - increase arousal)

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19
Q

outline role of thalamus in info system in fear

A

hear sound and interpret threat = thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus) either communicate to amygdala or via auditory cortex (then activate hypothalamus, PAG) to initiate autonomic reaction, behavioural responses

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20
Q

what do bilateral lesions to medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortexs cause

A

lesioning medial geniculate nucleus (auditory relay nucleus of thalamus) blocks fear conditioning to noise but lesioning auditory cortex doesn’t suggesting auditory fear conditioning needs signals elicited by tone to reach medial geniculate nucleus but not auditory cortex

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21
Q

what is Kluver-Bucy syndrome, describing patient SM

A

decreased emotional reaction
bilateral amygdala destruction due to genetics, showed normal response to all emotion but fear

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22
Q

how did monkey experiment result in discovery of amygdalas roles in emotion, and Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

interior temporal lobe removed. consumed anything, sexual tendency toward inappropriate object, constantly putting object in mouth and completely lacked fear

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23
Q

what does limbic system comprise of

A

amygdala, mamillary bodies, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb hypothalamus forms loop for emotion regulation

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24
Q

describe role of amygdala

A

fear, memory, acquisition of extinction

25
Q

describe role of pre frontal cortex

A

EF, mediate conflicting thought (cognitive ability to decide what actions are necessary)
medial = important area for emotion-cognition interaction. activity here when emotive reactions are suppressed or evaluated

26
Q

describe role of hippocampus

A

learning and memory formation (remember appropriate response, situation induce fear, so avoid)
important in contextual fear conditioning

27
Q

explain specific brain patterns activated in empathy

A

same brain regions as emotion emphathising
sensory cortex = input from senses and feed into emotional processing
motor cortex = output

28
Q

explain role of medial prefrontal lobes in suppression paradigms (fMRI)

A

ppts inhibit emotional reactions to unpleasant films

29
Q

explain role of medial prefrontal lobes in reappraisal paradigms (fMRI)

A

ppts instructed to reinterpret picture to change their emotional reaction to it

30
Q

what does the medial prefrontal lobes do?

A

monitors difference between outcome and expectancy, encodes stimulus values over time and predict likelihood of error, mediate conscious awareness of emotive stimuli and social-decision making

31
Q

explain right hemisphere model

A

suggest right hemisphere alone is specialised for all aspects of emotion processing (perceptions, expression, experience)

32
Q

explain valence model

A

right hemispheres - specialised for processing negative emotion
left hemispheres - specialised for processing positive emotion

33
Q

what is the current perspective for brain activity involved during emotion

A

widespread cerebral activity, all areas activated by emotive stimuli also activated by other processes, with no specific structure linking emotion

34
Q

define stress

A

mental, physical, emotional and behavioural reactions to any perceived demands or threats

35
Q

briefly state 4 stages in stress

A
  1. unusual demand
  2. perceived as significant - adversity
  3. response (physiological, cognitive and emotional)
    4 result - adaptive, or not
36
Q

name some demands which causes stress

A

physical/personal/social stressors, overlapping, transition in life like work, loss, illness

37
Q

explain the role of individual difference for stress

A

stress not demand itself but individuals perceptions

38
Q

what is point of stress

A

adaptive, physically surviving an attack, helps us feel stronger (psychological or biological)

39
Q

explain the 2 systems involved in our stress response

A

anterior-pituitary, and sympathetic nervous sytem

40
Q

outline method of stress response (including both systems)

A

activate anterior-pituitary adrenal cortex and sympathetic nervous system
1. increase adrenaline and noradrenaline release from adrenal medulla
2. increase HR, BR, sweating, pupil dilation
3. stimulate release of ACTH
4. triggers release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

41
Q

explain the role of cytokines in stress response

A

cytokine is peptide hormones released by many cells, results in many physiological and immunological response like inflammations and fever

42
Q

give 3 types of stress

A

positive, tolerable, toxic

43
Q

describe positive stress

A

brief increase in HR, mild elevation in stress hormones

44
Q

describe tolerable stress

A

serious, temporary and buffered by supportive relationships
eg: vaccines - initial unpleasant, but long-term immune boost

45
Q

describe toxic stress

A

prolonged activation of stress response system in absence of protective relationship
avoid this, as causes overwhelming feeling, health issue, auto-immune disorders

46
Q

describe long term stress impact, for mind, body, emotions, behaviour

A

mind (indecision, nightmares, impaired judgement)
body (headache, illness, fatigue)
emotions (depression, irritability, alienation)
behaviour (insomnia, accident prone, alcohol or drug abuse)

47
Q

explain adaptive immune response

A

slower reaction, specific to antigen
1. presence of antigen (virus, bacteria)
2. recognition of antigen by T helper cells or cytokines
3. immune systems defence response = lymphocytes, killer cells
4. kill antigen, store antibodies

48
Q

explain innate immune response

A

faster, not antigen-specific
1. anatomic barrier (hair or skin)
2. react quickly near entry points
3. phagocytes
4. inflammation

49
Q

name some components of arousal in the sympathetic division

A

pupil dilation
sweat
decreased salivation, digestion, immune system function
increased respiration, HR

50
Q

name some components of calm the parasympathetic division

A

pupil contraction
increased salivation, digestion, immune systems
decreased respiration, HR, secretion of stress hormone

51
Q

define psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of interactions among psychological factors, nervous system, and immune system

52
Q

define fear

A

emotions response to perceived or actual threat

53
Q

define anxiety

A

anticipatory response to unknown threat

54
Q

explain animal models of stress and behaviour

A

when stress becomes enduring feature of life, cause subordination stress (dominance paradigm- attack juvelines, smaller testes, short life span, low testosterone, high blood glucocorticoids)

55
Q

what is impact of early experience of stress

A

maltreated children show brain or endocrine abnormality. some psychiatric disorders relate to interaction between inherited susceptibility to a disorder and early stress exposures

56
Q

describe role of hippocampus in stress

A

susceptible to stress-induced change because of many glucocorticoid receptors
reduced dendritic branching, adult neurogenesis, modified synapses structure, disrupt performance

57
Q

how can stress be surgically modified for the hippocampus

A

adrenalectomy (removing adrenal gland)

58
Q

why does emotion matter

A
  1. major part of social life = relationships, arts
  2. motivates action = hate result in avoidance
  3. mental illness links to defective emotion
  4. biologically important in evaluation, attention motivation and social connection

PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 (10 decks)

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