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semester 2 2023 > PSY10008 Fundamentals of Psychology > Flashcards

PSY10008 Fundamentals of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of measures (psychological research)

A

self reports
physiological
observation
archival

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2
Q

Types of research designs

A

descriptive
correlation
experiments
quasi-experiment

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3
Q

Ethical Principles

A

Protection from harm
Privacy
Informed Consent
Debriefing

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4
Q

Opponent process theory

A

body acts to maintain homeostasis - moves to counter and rebalance disruptions. With repeated exposure, counter-response increases in strength

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5
Q

Habituation

A

diminishing response with repeated exposure to an unchanging stimulus

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6
Q

Blocking (re classical conditioning)

A

presenting a NS without an UCS or another stimulus which does not produce response, makes it difficult to associate that NS with an UCS to produce a CR in the future

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7
Q

Timing (classical)

A

NS before or with the UCS

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8
Q

Timing (Operant)

A

reinforcement works best when it is immediate

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9
Q

Which is the most effective schedule of reinforcement?

A

variable ratio

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10
Q

Draw backs of punishment

A

indicates wrong behaviour (SLT)
may generate aggression
ineffective unless delivered immediately, and each time the undesired behaviour occurs

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11
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future

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12
Q

‘multiple memory systems’ model

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin
Sensory Memory (decay)
STM - 7+/- pieces of info (displacement)
LTM (interference)
SM>(attention)>STM>(rehearsal)>LTM
recall = bringing info from LTM to STM

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13
Q

Duration of STM

A

approx 20 seconds
50% loss within 5 sec

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14
Q

Working memory

A

temporary storage and processing of information
- problem solving, achieving goals & responding to environment

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15
Q

Working memory Model

A

visuospatial sketchpad
- temp img (5-30 sec, info about appearance and location)
phonological loop
- temp echo (2-5 sec), info about words and sounds
central executive
- controls flow and processing of info
All have limited capacity

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16
Q

Forgetting - interference theory

A

proactive interference (old interfere with new)
retroactive (new interfere with old)

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17
Q

neurology and memory

A

neurons in hypocampus form new memories
glutamate & acetylcholine
amygdala (emotion)

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18
Q

concepts
categories

A

concepts - mental representation of a category
category - entities grouped by common properties

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19
Q

formal vs natural concepts

A

formal - rules that include/exclude objects, defining
natural - ambiguous boundaries

20
Q

prototype

A

exemplar of a category, having most or all of the typical features

21
Q

propositions

A

expresses a relationship between concepts

22
Q

heuristics

A

cognitive shortcuts

23
Q

representative heuristic

A

judge the likelihood of something based on its superficial similarity to a prototype

24
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimate the likelihood of something based on ease of recall

25
Q

barriers to problem solving

A

multiple hypotheses
ignoring negative evidence
confirmation bias
mental set
functional fixedness

26
Q

prospect theory

A

where the weight of a loss or a gain is equal, the loss is interpreted as more aversive than the gain appetitive

27
Q

critical periods for teratogen exposure during prenatal development

A

germinal period - immediate termination
embryonic period - major structural abnormalities
foetal period - functional abnormalities, minor structural abnormalities

28
Q

mechanisms of FASD

A

CNS cell proliferation, differentiation, neuronal migration, axonic outgrowth and refinement of neural networks

29
Q

4 cardinal features of FAS

A

growth deficiency
FAS facial features: two or three FAS facial features present
central nervous system damage
prenatal alcohol exposure

30
Q

experience-expectant brain growth

A

depends on ordinary experiences e.g. touching objects

31
Q

experience-dependent brain growth

A

specific learning experiences that vary depending on individual & culture e.g. playing an instrument

32
Q

critical/sensitive periods hypothesis

A

hypothesis that the brain is set to acquire particular functions during a limited time, and if they are not developed during this time, the individual may not develop this skill, or find it more challenging to acquire it

33
Q

changes in the brain during development

A

formation of synapses in auditory, visual & lg areas during first 2 years
frontal lobes refine into early adulthood
stimulation of neural pathways are important for neural connections to remain
myelination is rapid during first 2 years of life

34
Q

piaget - assimilation vs accomodation

A

assimilation - novel info is incorporated into existing schemas
schemas are adjusted to accommodate new experiences

35
Q

milestones in cognitive development

A

object permanence - realisation that object continues to exist even if you cannot see it
egocentrism - cognitive view where the child can only see the world from their perspective and has difficulty understanding others’ perspectives
conservation - understanding that basic properties of an object remain the same even though they appear to change

36
Q

vygotsky and cognition

A

cognitive abilities are the result of cultural history and the mind grows through interaction

37
Q

Grice’s 4 maxims of lg

A

maxim of quality, quantity, relation, & manner

38
Q

non-verbal gestures - types

A

emblems - in place for a word
illustrators - in adjunct to a word
regulators - regulate discourse
affect displays - show emotion
manipulators - move someone’s body part/an object

39
Q

Chomsky - LAD

A

biological basis
innate
language acquisition device

40
Q

Broca’s vs Wernicke’s

A

Broca’s area - speech production
Wernicke’s area - speech comprehension

41
Q

Spearman structure of intelligence

A

g-factor - general intelligence
s-factors - specific abilities

42
Q

Thurstone structure of intelligence

A

7 relatively independent primary mental abilities:
- word fluency
- comprehension
- numerical computation
- spatial skills
- associative memory
- reasoning
- perceptual speed

43
Q

Neuropsychology pyramid of intelligence

A

broad cognitive domains
(top -> bottom):
- executive fns
- memory, lg, visuospatial
- attention & processing speed
- perception
- arousal & alertness

44
Q

information processing approach to intelligence

A

3 core variables:
- processing speed
- knowledge base
- ability to acquire and apply mental strategies

45
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

analytic (traditional intelligence tests)
creative
practical

46
Q

Bowlby’s attachment theory

A

lasting psychological connection
early bonds - lifelong psychosocial implications
evolutionarily advantageous
preattachment (B4 6wks) -> attachment in making -> clear cut -> formation of reciprocal relationship (18mo - 2yr+)

semester 2 2023 (4 decks)

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