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semester 2 2023 > NEU10002 Neuroscience > Flashcards

NEU10002 Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

A- sensory inputs (to CNS)
E- motor outputs (from CNS)
SAME

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2
Q

planes of reference

A

sagittal > left and right
horizontal > superior and inferior
coronal > anterior and posterior

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3
Q

ventral/dorsal
rostral/caudal

A

ventral > towards stomach (inferior in terms of head)
dorsal > opposite to ventral (superior in terms of head)
rostral > close to mouth and nose (anterior in terms of head)
caudal > close to tail (inferior in terms of head)

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4
Q

gyrus, sulcus and fissures

A

gyrus > round elevations
sulcus > shallow depressions
fissure > deep grooves

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5
Q

suture

A

type of fibrous joint, high stability (e.g. in cranium)

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6
Q

names of nerve bundles (depending on location in the nervous system)

A

CNS: nerve tract
PNS: nerve fascicle
from spinal cord into brain stem:
at SC > fasciculi
at BS > lemniscus

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7
Q

Epineurium

A

external connective tissue sheath surrounding axons

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8
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

star shaped
doesn’t really have an axon
sense organs (e.g. tongue) and brain

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9
Q

bipolar neuron

A

small and rare
two projections: one long dendrite and one long axon
found in special sense organs e.g. retina

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10
Q

unipolar neuron

A

axon and dendrites fused
body is at one side
sensory in PNS

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11
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most common neuron in CNS
have long axon and two or more dendrites (‘typical ‘neuron)
motor neurons that control motor system

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12
Q

glia

A

connective tissue
extremely diverse

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13
Q

myelinating glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes (CNS)
schwann cells (PNS)
white in colour
speed up transmission of electrical messages
generate membranes (myelin sheath)

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14
Q

astroglia/astrocytes fn

A

maintain BBB
recycle NT, maintain iconic composition of extracellular fluid

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15
Q

microglial cell

A

immune cells of CNS
clear broken cell debris
resting - star shaped; active - small and round

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16
Q

which germ layer does the CNS originate form

A

ectoderm

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17
Q

developmental origins of CNS and PNS

A

CNS - neural tube in first 4 weeks of conception
PNS - neural crest

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18
Q

white matter

A

middle/deep in brain
glial cells, myelinated and unmyelinated fibres
nerve tracts
lipids & fats

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19
Q

grey matter

A

surface/superficial in brain
lots of cell body

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20
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of adult brain
higher order fns
conscious thoughts, intellect, memory storage and processing, conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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21
Q

sagittal fissure

A

separates two hemispheres of cerebrum

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22
Q

commissural fibres

A

white matter tract
connect 2 hemispheres of cerebrum
corpus callosum and anterior commissure

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23
Q

projection fibres

A

white matter tract
anterior to posterior
ascending and descending fibres
link cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum + spinal cord

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

covered by cerebellar cortex - grey matter (lots of purkinje cells)
anterior and posterior lobes
folia = folds
L & R hemispheres

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25
Q

fns of cerebellum

A

coordinates repetitive body movements
adjust postural muscles
program/fine tune conscious and subconscious movements

26
Q

diencephalon

A

between cerebrum and brain stem
consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
communication between cerebrum and brain stem (integrates sensory info with motor commands)

27
Q

thalamus - primary fns

A

part of diencephalon
relays sensory info
relays non-sensory ino from cortex and basal ganglia to specific areas
arousal & sleep

28
Q

hypothalamus - position & primary function

A

inferior to thalamus
homeostasis (pituitary gland)

29
Q

brain stem - position, primary fns & composition

A

inferior to diencephalon
coordinates functional integration between cerebellum and spinal cord
consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata (superior to inferior)
cardiovascular and respiratory control
3-12 cranial nerves originate from brainstem

30
Q

bones of the cranium

A

physical protection
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital & SPHENOID BONE (AT BASE)

31
Q

cranial menengies

A

physical protection
3 layers (superficial to deep)
- dura, arachnoid and pia mater

32
Q

dura mater

A

thick and tough
outer
dural folds fill fissure space and provide pathway for vessels e.g. veins

33
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

produced by choroid plexus (in pia mater - ependymal cells are specialised glial cells which produce CSF)
surrounds exposed surfaces of CNS
circulates through ventricles

34
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

lateral
(goes through interventricular foramen to…)
third ventricle
(goes through cerebral aqueduct to…)
fourth ventricle

35
Q

BBB

A

Biochemical protection
endothelial cells fused by specialised structure: tight junction. series of these form BBB

36
Q

hemispheres separate functions

A

left - speech, language, decision making
right - non-linguistic functions, complex pattern recognition, intuition, creativity, analyses sensory info

37
Q

major sulci and gyri

A

central sulcus - divides anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe
lateral sulcus - separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe
parieto-occiptal sulcus - separates parietal and occipital lobe
insula - deep groove lateral to lateral sulcus, separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

38
Q

functions of each cerebral lobe

A

frontal - voluntary movement, expressive lg, higher level executive functions
parietal - complex lg networks, reading and writing, integrating sensory info and spatial processing
occipital - vision perception
temporal - auditory processing, encoding of memory, comprehension of language

39
Q

cerebral lobes and functional cortical areas

A

frontal - primary motor cortex, premotor cortex
parietal - primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
somatosensory association cortex
occipital - visual association area, visual cortex
temporal - auditory association area, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex

40
Q

functional cortical areas and integrative centres

A

frontal eye field - visual attention
Broca’s area - speech production
Prefrontal cortex - Executive function
Wernicke’s area - Language comprehension

41
Q

Basal ganglia

A

masses of cerebral grey matter embedded in white matter of cerebrum
selects and initiates voluntary movement

42
Q

composition of limbic system

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
cingulate gyrus
pineal gland

43
Q

anatomical basis of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

senile plaques
neurofibrillary tangles

44
Q

ascending vs descending tracts

A

A - go up - towards brain. somatosensory, carry impulses from pain, thermal, tactile, muscle and joint receptors. begins with ‘spino’
D - go down - to PNS. Motor pathways. movement, muscle tone, spinal reflexes and spinal autonomic fns. ends in ‘spinal’.

45
Q

grey and white matter arrangement of the spinal cord

A

white - periphery
grey - deep

46
Q

fasciculus gracilis
fasciculus cuneatus

A

FG - info from areas inferior to T6 (lower limbs)
FC - info superior to T6 (upper limbs)

47
Q

3 types of receptors in skin

A

mechanoreceptors - mechanical stim e.g. position, vibration touch
nociceptors - pain
thermoreceptors - temp

48
Q

chains of sensory neurons

A

first order - delivers sensations to CNS (spinal cord). Cell body located in dorsal/cranial root ganglion
second order - interneuron. cell body is in spinal cord/brain
third order - transmits info from thalamus to cerebral cortex

49
Q

medial-lateral rule of spinal cord anatomy

A

sensory neurons that enter a low level of the spinal cord are more MEDIAL within the spinal cord vs neurons that enter at a higher level are more LATERAL

50
Q

fn of dorsal columns of spinal cord

A

fn - proprioception, fine touch, pressure & vibration

51
Q

spinothalamic tract fns

A

transmits pain and temp sensations to the thalamus and then to the cerebrum

52
Q

spinothalamic tract location and cross location

A

located at posterior horn of grey matter, cross at level of entry
2nd order ascend through posterior tracts - white matter
3rd order -

53
Q

components of descending tracts

A

upper and lower motor tracts
upper - pyramidal system - corticospinal
lower - extrapyramidal system

54
Q

corticospinal tract

A

descending motor tract (‘spinal’)
cortex > fibres descend though internal capsule > crus cerebri > ventral pons > medullary pyramid > lateral corticospinal tract > ipsilateral ventrak corticospinal tract > LMN located in ventral horn of grey matter

55
Q

where do upper motor tracts originate from? - pathway to corticospinal/corticobulbar tract

A

primary motor cortex > Corona radiata > posterior limb of internal capsule > brainstem (midbrain, medulla, pons)

56
Q

fn of corticospinal tract

A

control of voluntary, discrete, skilled movements, esp those of the distal parts of the limb

57
Q

anatomy of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus: putamen, globus palidus (internal and external)

58
Q

basal ganglia functions

A

movement - motor control
cognition
emotion

59
Q

basal ganglia circuitry: 3 functional loops

A

movement loop: motor/premotor/somatosensory cortices > putamen > globus palidus > thalamus
prefrontal loop: dorsolateral prefrontal cortices > anterior caudate > glob pal > sub nigra > thal
limbic loop: limbic and temporal cortices > ventral striatum > ventral pallidum > thal

60
Q

direct vs indirect motor loops

A

direct > initiation of wanted movements
indirect > termination of unwanted movements

61
Q

neurophysiology of Parkinson’s disease

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons
deficiency or dysfunction of dopamine
affects indirect and direct motor pathways

semester 2 2023 (4 decks)

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