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FALL 2021: CASI TERMINAMOS > PSY 401 Final Exam > Flashcards

PSY 401 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is 1 of the main purposes of syntax? what does it help us do?

A
  • provides speakers and hearers with shared conventions for indicating “who did what to whom; indicating participant roles
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2
Q

what are other ways to denote participant roles in speech? (2)

A
  • verb marking, tone
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3
Q

syntactic encoding: what are 2 types of processing?

A
  • functional processing

- positional processing

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4
Q

what is agrammatism? what are its main symptoms? (5)

A
  • expressive language disturbance, generally involving reduced syntactic complexity and impaired production of closed-class elements (ex. pronombres, conjunciones, interrogativos, verbos auxiliares); Assoc w Broca’s Area
    1. Paucity/scarcity of main verbs
    2. Syntactic simplification
    3. Omission of free-standing closed-class elements (i.e. preps, conjunctions)
    4. Substitution of bound closed-class elements (i.e., inflections, plural s, past tense -ed)
    5. Reliance on canonical word order
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5
Q

syntactic encoding: functional processing - what steps occur? (2)

A
  1. the lemmas of open-class elements are accessed together with their associated grammatical features, such as syntactic category (noun, verb, etc.), nominal gender/class(masculine, feminine, etc.), verbal transitivity
  2. the core aspects of argument structure are computed, which is to say that linkages are established between, on the one hand, participant roles like actor and undergoer, and on the other hand, grammatical relations like subject and object. These linkages are referred to as function assignment
  3. lexical/lemma selection: retrieving the argument structure, transitive properties of verbs
  4. function assignment: mapping participant roles onto grammatical relations, det subject and object
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6
Q

syntactic encoding: positional processing - what steps occur? (2)

A
  1. constituent assembly: assembling syntactic constituents (hierarchically)
  2. inflection: inserting closed-class items in the proper places
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7
Q

syntactic encoding: can the 2 respective parts of functional and positional processing be selectively impaired? what is 1 example how?

A
  • SÍMON
  1. FUNC level: brain-damaged patients who show “REVERSAL ERRORS”
    • maintain correct lexical concepts and transitivity but are incapable of assigning participant roles correctly (ex. “the boy hits the ball” instead of “the ball hits the boy” etc.”
  2. POS level: brain-damaged patients who CANNOT create syntactically hierarchical/complex phrases, but use the CORRECT closed-class elements
    • ex. “in toytown …. lived in the house … the girls and her mother”
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8
Q

sentence production: which PPA type shows the worst deficits? what lesion site is assoc with this variant? why is this relevant?

A
  • non-fluent v PPA
  • left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, especially the pars opercularis (i.e., roughly BA44) of the IFG.
  • posterior IFG / important bc lesion site is PRECISE! locations with stroke patients is varied
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9
Q

sentence production: syntactic encoding, functional processing - what are word exchanges?

A
  • substituting 1 word in for another

ex. the boy pets the dog / the dog pets the boy

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10
Q

agrammatism: why is it controversial as a syndrome? (2)

A
  • LOTS of variation in lesion sites (not specific)

- it’s 5 symptoms can all be dissociated from each other

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11
Q

sentence production: syntactic encoding, positional processing - what are stranding errors?

A
  • errors in syntactic order of frases

ex. “i went to get my park trucked” / i went to get my truck parked

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12
Q

sentence production: syntactic encoding - what lesion sites have been found in stroke patients? (5) what technique was used?

A
  • basal ganglia, BA44, insula, anterior STG, supramarginal gyrus
  • VoxelBasedLesionSystemMapping
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13
Q

sentence production & syntactic encoding: Indefrey (2001) PET study - what were the 3 exp conditions? (generation tasks)

A

German-speaking subjects instructed to produce:

  1. a SENTENCE describing the visual scene (“the red square launches the blue ellipse”
  2. NOUN PHRASE (“red square, blue ellipse, launch”
  3. WORD LIST (“square, red, ellipse, blue”)

All incorporate varying levels of syntactic processing

p24

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14
Q

sentence production & syntactic encoding: Indefrey (2001) PET study - where was the pattern of activation found? how was it found/measured (which exp conditions)?

A
  • pos IFG/BA 44

- Subtracting SENTENCE condition (most complex processing) —MINUS– WORD LIST condition (almost no processing)

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15
Q

sentence production & syntactic encoding: Haller (2005) fMRI study - what were the 3 exp conditions? (generation + reading tasks)

A

German-speaking subjects instructed to complete:

  1. SENTENCE GENERATION: given 2 subjects and action verb –> form sentence
  2. WORD READING: just read 2 subjects and action verb
    • *CTRL CONDITION
  3. SENTENCE READING: just read full sentence
    • *CTRL CONDITION

p27

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16
Q

sentence production & syntactic encoding: Haller (2005) fMRI study - where was the pattern of activation found? how was it found/measured (which exp conditions)?

A
  • L pos IFG (BA 44 & BA 45)
  • SENTENCE GENERATION - WORD READING
  • SENTENCE GENERATION - SENTENCE READING
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17
Q

sentence production & syntactic encoding: were Indefrey or Haller able to isolate Functional versus Positional Processing?

A
  • NOPE
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18
Q

narrative processing: why is the network considered bilateral?

A
  • because activation engages similar areas in both hemispheres
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19
Q

narrative processing: what is inter-subject correlation analysis? what does it reveal about narrative production and comp?

A
  • a measure of “brain to brain coupling”; tracks the syncing of bold signals in 2 ppl as they perceive the same stimuli/perform the same tasks
  • “the activity patterns in numerous areas of
    the listeners’ brains tend to mirror the activity patterns in the corresponding areas of
    the speaker’s brain”
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20
Q

narrative processing: which other neural network does it overlap with?

A
  • overlaps with the DEFAULT MODE NETWORK
    (active when idle, leads to daydreaming)
  • may be active in integrating personal experience/memories/plans into our understanding of narratives
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21
Q

narrative processing: what main 4 regions are implicated? be able to label these on brain!

A
  • Lateral ATLs, Medial Parietal, Medial PFC, TempoParietal Junction
22
Q

narrative processing: Lat ATLs - what do they do?

A
  • necessary for accessing and integrating semantic concepts/info
23
Q

narrative processing: Medial Parietal Lobe - what does it do? (2 functions)

A
  • creating and establishing SITUATION MODELS (i.e. imagining the events of a story as we hear it)
  • segmenting stories into “events” –> helping to know what is important to remember
  • *COARSE Event boundaries > fine**
24
Q

narrative processing: Medial PFC - what does it do? more active for ToM or logic/physical consecutive sentences?

A
  • drawing INFERENCES about the mental states of others
  • engaged during reading of micro-stories (coherent and incoherent), more active when evaluating physical/logic relationships (Ex. “truck drives by, the dishes rattle”)
25
Q

narrative processing: TPJ - what does it do?

A
  • attributing thoughts and feelings to characters; important in the Theory of Mind network
  • helps us to “put ourselves in the character’s shoes”
26
Q

narrative processing: what is discourse coherence? what are its 2 levels?

A
  • the conceptual connections between the sentences that make up a story
    1. local level: each consecutive sentence aligns with those before/after it smoothly
    2. global level: linking together individ. events as part of the over-arching plot
27
Q

narrative production: Ash (2006) Frog stories esp - which patients had worst discourse coherence? where was their lesion site? what other deficits do they show?

A
  • patients with Social and Executive Function impairments showed impaired Discourse Coherence
  • R fronto-temporal region damage
  • also demonstrate issues in ordering common events (ex. making a sandwich) and word generation tasks
28
Q

narrative comprehension: explain the hierarchy of cortical activation? what features is it dependent on?

A
  • over the course of a story, patterns of cortical activation build up over time
  • the shifts/increases in activation aren’t locked on a certain time course, but instead depend on the speech rate of the story i.e. rate of words, sentences, paragraphs
29
Q

narrative comprehension: suspension of belief - what does it imply about semantic anomalies?

A
  • semantic anomalies can be integrated into narrative context just as rapidly as into sentence context
30
Q

sentence comprehension: what processing operations and resources are recruited? (5)

A
  1. accessing lexical properties of words
  2. assembling constituent structures
  3. linking NPs with thematic roles
  4. STM
  5. Cognitive control
31
Q

sentence comprehension: what 4 brain areas are most relevant based on fMRI/PET meta-analyses? label these on brain!

A
  1. pMTG
  2. Lat ATL (ANTERIOR STG,STS, MTG)
  3. TPJ (POSTERIOR STG, STS, Angular G)
  4. IFG
32
Q

sentence comprehension: Dronkers (2004) VLSM study - what was the task? which patients showed worst sentence comp? where was their relevant lesion site?

A
  • select a sentence that best matched a given picture; sentences varied in type/complexity
  • WERNICKE’s Aphasics did worst
  • pMTG was significant / BA44+45 were NOT
33
Q

sentence comprehension: pMTG - what does it do? what other speech process/model is it involved in?

A
  • 1st step in sentence comp; retrieves grammatical properties of words
  • houses the lexical interface of Dual Stream Model of speech perception (mapping phono. structure –> meaning)
34
Q

sentence comprehension: Lat ATLs - what regions are included here?

A
  • aSTS, aSTG, aMTG
35
Q

sentence comprehension: Lat ATLs - what does it do generally? what are the 3 hypothesis regarding its function?

A
  • aids in the processing and integration of multi-word expressions; meaning composition
  1. syntax only hypothesis
  2. syntax and semantics hypothesis (echoes Dual Stream Combinatorial Network hyp)
  3. semantics only hypothesis
36
Q

sentence comprehension: TPJ - what areas are included here?

A
  • pSTG, pSTS, Angular Gyrus
37
Q

sentence comprehension: TPJ - what are its 2 main functions?

A
  1. storing words in Auditory Verbal - STM

2. linking NPs with their thematic roles in thematically complex sentences

38
Q

sentence comprehension: IFG - what does it do?

A
  • part of the PFC, aids in exerting cognitive control, executive functioning
39
Q

sentence comprehension: pMTG - Dutch study, is it more active for ambiguous or unambiguous sentences? what other region might this process involve?

A
  • syntactically AMBIGUOUS sentences engaged the pMTG more than unambig /
  • may work together with IFG/BA44 to select most appropriate meaning
40
Q

sentence comprehension: Lat ATLs - evidence for semantics only hypothesis (4)

A
  1. COMPARING PHRASES WITH LISTS: Red boat task - ATL effect was stronger when viewing “Red + Boat” which requires integration of word meanings ]] than when reading “Boat + Cup”
  2. ATL activated stronger for sentences containing social/emotional content (as compared to sentences with IDENTICAL SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES and inanimate or just social content)
  3. VARYING CONSTITUENT SIZE: ATL activated stronger for sentences with longer constituent sizes –> (more meaning to integrate)
  4. SEMANTIC vPPA pts: have trouble understanding meaning of complex expressions but can still comprehend their syntactic structures
41
Q

sentence comprehension: Lat ATLs - evidence for syntax and semantics hypothesis (2)

A
  1. VARYING CONSTITUENT SIZE: ATL activated stronger for sentences with longer constituent sizes (ex. “Mary’s father’s car” v “Mary’s car”)
  2. ATL activated stronger for sentences containing social/emotional content (as compared to sentences with IDENTICAL SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES and inanimate or just social content)
42
Q

sentence comprehension: Lat ATLs - evidence for syntax only hypothesis (1)

A
  1. ATL’s only respond reliably to SYNTACTIC violations
43
Q

sentence comprehension: TPJ - digit span: how does performance correlate with pSTS/pSTG gray matter? with auditory comprehension?

A
  • as grey matter density DECREASES –> performances on digit span task DECREASES
  • as grey matter density DECREASES –> performances on auditory comprehension tasks DECREASES (need for AV STM)
44
Q

sentence comprehension: TPJ - how does this region to respond to semantically reversible vs non-reversible sentences? what does this indicate?

A
  • more significant activation for semantically REVERSIBLE sentences (ex. “the old dog bites the fox / the old fox bites the dog”)
  • indicates more effort distributed toward determining role assignments
45
Q

sentence comprehension: TPJ - do AV STM and thematic role assignment dissociate? what’s 1 example?

A
  • YES
  • pt who has no AVSM/does not hear a voice in her head –> can still understand complex sentences and make grammatically judgments requiring evaluation of thematic relations
46
Q

sentence comprehension: IFG - what is the merge hypothesis? is it valid?

A
  • the process of combining two grammatical elements to form a unified structure / thought to occur here in the IFG/BA44
    ex. the (determiner) + dog (noun) = the dog (NP)
  • HIGHLY CONTESTED AND INCONSISTENT
47
Q

sentence comprehension: IFG - what is 1 specific example of how it aids in cognitive control? (of the 4)

A
  1. directing/enhancing attention towards accomplishing a goal: IFG active when parts required to attend to specific parts of a sentence for syntactic/semantic violations vs. just listening to sentences
  2. resolving ambiguities
  3. supervision of thematic role assignment
  4. subvocal articulatory rehearsal (part of AV STM)
48
Q

sentence comprehension: IFG - does damage here have consistent effects?

A
  • NO MA’AM
49
Q

sentence comprehension: ERP Components - N400

A
  • sensitive to SEMANTIC violations, peaks at 400ms
50
Q

sentence comprehension: ERP Components - P600

A
  • sensitive to SYNTACTIC violations, peaks at 600ms
51
Q

sentence comprehension: ERP Components - ELAN

A
  • Elevated and Sustained L Anterior Negatives

- sensitive to SYNTACTIC violations, precede P600s

52
Q

sentence comprehension: MEG Components - how do neural dynamics vary with time? (2)

A
  1. rhythms of brain activity reflect the flow of information through the sentence comprehension network (i.e. auditory areas to semantic areas to ……)
  2. the boundaries of syntactic constituents (ex. word, NP, sentence) are marked by changes in neurophys rhythms

FALL 2021: CASI TERMINAMOS (7 decks)

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