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FALL 2021: CASI TERMINAMOS > PSY 401 Exam #3 > Flashcards

PSY 401 Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Amodal Symbolic Model of conceptual knowledge? describe the sandwhich model?

A
  • early model that suggests that semantic knowldege is separate from memories, or K about perception or action —> meanings are accessed via connections to abstract [symbols ex. #4011 means banana]
  • semantic knowledge as existing within its own system
  • perception and (speech) action are the bread, semantic knowledge being the filling
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2
Q

what is the Grounded/Embodied Cognition model of conceptual knowledge? is it implicit or explicit?

A
  • model that suggests aspects of memory, perception or action ARE all involved in accessing conceptual knowledge

ex. semantic info about what a banana ex. taste/smells like may be stored/activated in the same area where taste/smell is processed
- —> such activations usually TAKE PLACE IMPLICITLY, beneath the surface of awareness

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3
Q

what brain areas are assoc w perception of non-linguistic environmental sounds? (3)

A
  • pSTG, pSTS, pMTG
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4
Q

is perception of non-linguistic environmental sounds more R or L lateralized?

A
  • more R lateralized than in speech perception
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5
Q

what is auditory agnosia? what is its opposite?

A
  • neurolog. condition in which speech perception is intact but perception of non-ling environ sounds is impaired
  • opposite of word deafness
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6
Q

shape fts of object nouns: fusiform gyrus - where is it located?

A
  • posterior ventral temporal cortex

- covers 4 cytoarchitec. regions

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7
Q

shape fts of object nouns: fusiform gyrus - what does it do? in what other perceptual processes is it active?

A
  • represents several props of objects ex. category, shape, size, color, and material for perceptual and conceptual purposes
  • part of the ‘what”/object identification stream in visual perception
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8
Q

what is semantic priming?

A
  • exposing parts to 2 sequential semantically related words/concepts facilitates FASTER response/processing of the 2nd, due to prior activation of the related semantic network from the 1st
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9
Q

what is repetition suppression?

A
  • populations of neurons that respond to a certain feature/stimuli REDUCE their firing/response after repeated exposure to the stimuli
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10
Q

what brain areas are assoc w perception of manipulation fts of object nouns? (2)

A
  • left supramarginal gyrus (SMG)

- L ventral PMC hand-area

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11
Q

what is ideational apraxia? what brain area is damaged?

A
  • neurolog disorder where ppl no longer understand the proper uses of tools (ex. a hammer)
  • damage to L supramarginal gyrus (SMG)
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12
Q

is online processing of object nouns uniform across humans?

A
  • LOL NO, subject to context, tasks, and individual experience
  • HANDEDNESS exps in PMC
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13
Q

why are lexical decision tasks good for investigating grounded/embodied cognition?

A
  • parts are forced to make quick decisions, don’t allow parts to explicitly THINK/COMPREHEND the words they see
  • able to see what areas are activated IMPLICITLY
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14
Q

what is the function of “semantic hubs” in the brain? which are the 2 principle hubs?

A
  • the transmodal (from diff sensory modalities [sound, function, shape, color]) integration of semantic features
  • In L ATLs and the Angular Gyrus
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15
Q

according to the Hub-and-Spoke Model, where is the most important semantic hub located?

A
  • L Anterior Temporal Lobes
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16
Q

ATL semantic hub: what areas are relevant? (2)

A
  • L Anterior MTG

- L Anterior ITG

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17
Q

ATL semantic hub: damage here leads to what kind of impairments?

A
  • object naming, word pic matching, category fluency
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18
Q

what brain areas are assoc w representing ANIMAL concepts? (3)

A
  • LATERAL pFG
  • PERHIRHINAL Ctx
  • LOC (lat occiptial cortex)
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19
Q

what virus is assoc w animal concept deficits? are people with it better at id’ing living or non-living things? what brain area is responsibile for this difference?

A
  • herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE)
  • worse at LIVING things, better at nonliving
  • based on damage to PERIRHINAL CTX
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20
Q

does semantic processing of tools and animals share the same cortical networks? are the networks connected?

A
  • NO MA’AM p29

- YES MA’AM; the cortical regions comprising each network are tightly interconnectedboth anatomically and functionally.

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21
Q

what is the resting-state fMRI technique? what is its purpose?

A
  • explore the functional connectivity of each network

p30

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22
Q

the perirhinal cortex - where is it located?

A
  • INF ventromedial part of the ATLs
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23
Q

the perirhinal cortex - what does it do? more responsive to animal or tool concepts?

A
  • responsive to objects that have many shared and tightly intercorrelated features, but FEW distinct ones
  • important in fine-grained differentiation between objects
  • more sensitive to ANIMALS

p35 summary

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24
Q

processing action verbs: what area is associated with representing visual fts of action verbs?

A
  • lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC)
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25
Q

processing action verbs: does the LOTC represent solely visual fts of action verbs? how does this address certain criticisms?

A
  • NO; may be that LOTC represents various fts of verb meaning INCLUDING visual info;
  • this explains why it may be equally active in response to non-action verbs as well
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26
Q

the motor neuron system - what is it? what does it imply about how we understand actions?

A
  • patterns of activation that suggest that frontal motor and parietal areas contribute to EXECUTING actions and also OBSERVING them in others/IMAGINING doing them
  • suggests that understanding actions may depend on mentally simulating them
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27
Q

processing action verbs: the motor neuron system - where is it located?

A
  • frontal and parietal brain areas
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28
Q

processing action verbs: what is the somatic somatotopy hypothesis?

A
  • proposes that the motor fts of action verbs are represented (in part) in somatotopically [homonc] mapped frontal brain areas
  • mirrors the grounded cognition model
  • that the subtle kinematic contrasts among verbs in the same clas sare captured by neuronal populations in overlapping or adjacent frontal motor cortices.
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29
Q

processing action verbs: is frontal motor area activation (in response to action verbs) just a result of post-comprehension imagery? what data/experiments suggest yes or no?

A
  • NO (we don’t think so)
  • in lexical decis tasks of manual [hand] vs non manual action verbs, PRE-MOTOR cortex is activated in common (i.e. when processing both types of verbs) –> implies implicit, non-deliberate activation of Motor areas
  • refutes critique that MC activation is just from post-com imagining
30
Q

processing action verbs: neuropsych - ALS - where are its lesion sites? what is damage here assoc w?

A
  • amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; degeneration of tissue in frontal pre-motor & pre ctrl areas
  • damage assoc w poor performance on semantic similarity task between action verbs
31
Q

processing action verbs: is online processing of action verbs uniform across humans?

A
  • NO; depends on task: vivid imagery of action words vs counting the syllables in them [would NOT activate motor areas]
  • literal v figurative language; affirm v negative
  • HANDEDNESS exps in PMC
32
Q

processing action verbs: why might activations in response to action verbs for motor be variably distributed across the pre-motor and motor cortex? (rather than somatotopically)

A
  • may reflect differences in regard to how deeply they required, or allowed, subjects to process the motor features of the linguistic stimuli (ex. very quickly or allowed to vividly imagine)
33
Q

processing action verbs: what is the general time course of activation?

A
  • VERY FAST –> “the extremely early onset of these activations…, their emergence in the absence of attention, and their similar presence for words of different lexical classes strongly suggest automatic involvement of motor-specific circuits in the comprehension of action-related language”
34
Q

processing action verbs: what are the effects of TMS stimulation? which hemi has prevalence?

A
  • 1 single zap of TMS to Leg or Arm Motor Cortex Areas —> FACILITATION/SPED UP perception of leg or arm words
  • effects found in the LEFT hemisphere only
35
Q

which semantic hub is most important for representing action verbs? what type of exps/lesions do the data come from?

A
  • ATLS! :)

- most from neuropsych studies, ppl w semantic v of PPA

36
Q

transitive v intransitive verbs: is it lexical or based on real-world properties?

A
  • transitive: require a subject and direct object / have 2 syntactic constituents
  • intransitive: only require 1 subject/direct object / 1 syntactic constituent
  • transitivity is based on SYNTACTIC relationships, not on real-world relationships
37
Q

what brain regions are assoc with processing transitive verbs? (moreso than intransitive) (2)

A
  • L tempoparietal junction + L pos IFG
38
Q

what areas are included within the L tempoparietal junction?

A
  • angular gyrus, IFG,
39
Q

transitive v intransitive verbs: why might activity from the angular gyrus be particularly relevant?

A
  • the involvement of the angular gyrus in representing the transitivity features of verbs may be a particular manifestation of its more general job of serving as a transmodal semantic hub that forms spatiotemporally coherent representations of complex dynamic situations
40
Q

transitive v intransitive verbs: posterior IFG - what syndrome is damage in this area assoc w? what does pIFG damage lead to in ppl with this syndrome?

A
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • Broca’s aphasiacs that have agrammatism (damage to posIFG) —> have increased difficulty retrieving TRANSITIVE VERBS rather than intransitive
  • difficulty arranging a storyline into sequential order
41
Q

transitive v intransitive verbs: posterior IFG - preference for transitive or intransitive?

A
  • preference for/more engaged in processing of TRANSITIVE verbs
42
Q

processing action verbs: what sort of tasks are semantic v PPA patients impaired at?

A
  • novel word learning, picture naming, picture matching, semantic similarity
43
Q

processing abstract words: Dual Coding Model - what are its 2 functional parts? be able to answer a short answer q

A
  • NON-VERB SYSTEM: contains sensory/perceptual fts of concepts, ex. how they look, feel, taste, etc.
  • VERBAL SYS: stores the phonological/linguistic forms of concepts, captures THEMATIC networks between words ex. “phone” would be related to “ring”, “call”, etc
44
Q

processing abstract words: what are concreteness effects?

A
  • the fact that CONCRETE words are recognized faster (i.e. in lexical decision), remembered better, etc. than abstract words –> they have a processing advantage
45
Q

processing abstract words: what is the Context Availability Model? be able to answer a short answer q

A
  • when words are perceived by themselves/in isolation, it’s easier to imagine context for CONCRETE items than abstract ones
  • this lends 2 several faster processing advantages for concrete words
46
Q

processing abstract words: contexts of concrete and specific word meanings - how are they different?

A
  • concrete word meanings are more stable, and apply to more specific/salient contexts
  • abstract words have more flexible meanings, more dependent on context, less perceptual content, more sensitive to emotion, morality, social interaction
    - PERO recognized and understood just as easily when proper contextual constraints are provided
47
Q

processing ABSTRACT words: what two brain areas are most implicated via the Wang Meta-Analyses?

A
  • L dorsolateral ATL, L IFG
48
Q

processing abstract words: what disorder is most assoc with data in this area?

A
  • semantic v PPA
49
Q

processing abstract words: what are reverse concrete effects? in what disorders (2) are they seen? are they common?

A
  • better processing of abstract words than concrete ones; seen in patients with Semantic V PPA and HSE
  • NOT common, most ppl show regular concreteness effects
50
Q

processing abstract words: why might reverse concreteness occur? characteristics of patients? location of atrophy?

A
  • maybe patients had exceptional K of abstract concepts before damage
  • maybe atrophy affects VentroMedial ATL more than DorsoLateral —–> VM known to represent more concrete concepts, DL = more abstract (would still be intact)
51
Q

processing abstract words: how does Dual Coding model relate to explaining reverse concreteness effects?

A
  • DC: L dorsolateral ATL is thought to be heavily involved in high-level speech perception and sentence comprehension, may be involved in/enhance the associative networks of the Verbal System
52
Q

processing abstract words: are abstract v concrete part of a dichotomy? or along a continuum?

A
  • ALONG A CONTINUUM! there are words that lie in the middle [ex. furniture]
53
Q

processing abstract words: Dual Coding Model - which system do abstract words rely on? what system for concrete words?

A
  • abstract words: rely primarily on lexical/VERBAL SYS information
  • concrete words rely on NON-VERBAL & VERBAL SYS; sensory and motor reps AND lexical/verbal information when processed
54
Q

processing abstract words: what is the Different Representational Frameworks Hypothesis? taxonomic vs thematic relations?

A
  • ABSTRACT words: may rely more on THEMATIC relationships ex. [“love” – family, friends, romance]
  • CONCRETE words: may rely more on TAXONOMIC relationships ex. [“Fruit” - banana, grape, apple]
55
Q

processing abstract words: what might be the 2 roles of the IFG?

A
  1. IFG involved in covert speech/aud verbal STM –> may help in accessing and maintaining in an activated state the verbal associations of the DUAL CODING MODEL
    - we “need to use inner speech to retrieve and re-tell to ourselves the word meaning”
  2. IFG involved in strategic ctrl of semantic processing –> may help to regulate the retrieval and selection of the proper interpretation of words —an operation more important for ABSTRACT than concrete words via CONTEXT AVAILABILITY MODEL
56
Q

processing abstract words: what is psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI)?

A
  • seeks to identify which brain regions have a pattern of activity/BOLD signal that is synced to that of the activity in a “seed” region in response to specific tasks
  • if activity is correlated —> conclude that the 2 areas are functionally connected in a task-specific manner
57
Q

processing abstract words: what is the role of the L tempoparietal junction? (2)

A
  1. works in conjunction with L ATL and IFG to represent and process abstract words
  2. important for differentiating between similar ABSTRACT concepts, not so much for concrete concepts
58
Q

processing abstract words: L tempoparietal junction - data comes from what kind of studies?

A
  • PPI, neuropsych (stroke patients with damage to LTP Junc)
59
Q

what 2 domains of abstract words are known to have some level of grounded cognition?

A
  • emotions and numbers
60
Q

domains of abstract words: what brain areas assoc with abstract words with high emotional connotations? (4) why is this important? KNOW THESE! AND WHERE THEY ARE ON A BRAIN! slide 25

A
  1. left amygdala (temp lobe) - personal relevance of stimuli
  2. anterior insula - representing sensations inside the body
  3. R orbitofrontal cortex - value and reward
  4. pregenual sector of left anterior cingulate cortex - resolve conflicting reactions to emotional stimuli by modulating activity in the amygdala
    - processing “emotional” words activates SAME areas assoc w experiencing/remembering emotions, etc.
61
Q

domains of abstract words: numbers - what is acalculia?

A
  • impaired numerical cognition
62
Q

domains of abstract words: numbers - what is finger agnosia?

A
  • impaired recognition, differentiation, and naming of fingers, one’s own as well as others
63
Q

domains of abstract words: numbers - where is the lesion site for disorders of numerical cognition?

A
  • INTR-PARIETAL SULCUS (IPS)

- our number representations may be rooted in our finger reps / the 2 areas are connected in the brain

64
Q

processing abstract words: roles of the IFG - which abstract processing model has stronger evidence? why?

A
  • CONTEXT AVAILABILITY MODEL has stronger evidence
  • when parts are given a cue BEFORE id’ing abstract words, it REDUCES errors —> importance of CONTEXT [word similarity task]
65
Q

processing object concepts: post. fusiform gyrus - what type of gradient exists here?

A
  • animacy gradient, from LATERAL to MEDIAL —> ANIMAL-LIKE (ex. a human) to TOOL-LIKE (crustacean)
    • 1 related to # of shared features among objects
66
Q

sound feats of object nounds: Kiefer 2010 exp - what pattern of activation was found for words with sound fts? what does the speed of activation imply?

A
  • lexical decision w real v pseudo-words, some with sound fts some without: found activation in pSTG, pSTS, and pMTG for SOUND FT words
    • OVERLAP with areas assoc w hearing sounds produced by animals, tools, etc.
  • ERPS: sound ft word activation diverged within 150ms —> SPEED IMPLIES AUTOMATICITY
67
Q

what brain areas are assoc w representing tool concepts? (6)

A
  • left supramarginal gyrus (SMG)
  • pos MTG
  • L ventral PMC hand-area
  • L IFG
  • Superior Parietal (above SMG)
  • MEDIAL pFG [ventral]
68
Q

ATL semantic hub: what are its primary functions? (3)

A
  • integrate features from different modalities that are not always experienced together
  • distinguish between central members, peripheral members, and non-members of the category specified by a concept
  • overcome superficial similarities and detect deep ones instead
69
Q

fts of object nouns: Fernandino 2015 study - why was it unique? what did it find with respect to hub and spoke model?

A
  • sought to id areas for ALL 5 features of objects (sound, shape, manipulation, motion, + color)
  • found cortical areas that responded to SEVERAL fts of object nouns rather than just 1 —–> implies that those areas may be important in INTEGRATION of several fts of objects/a semantic hub
    • Angular gyrus, medial pre-frontal, parahippocampal

ch 8, p70

70
Q

processing action verbs: what are Bedny’s two criticisms of the necessity of the LOTC?

A
  1. may b that the LOTC responds equally to ALL verbs, not just action ones
  2. even blind ppl have activation here for action words, implies that there is NO input of visual info/experience
71
Q

processing action verbs: Shtyrov MEG study - what were main findings with respect to somatotopy? what does the speed of activations suggest?

A
  • the three body-part-related pairs of words activated the left frontal motor cortices in a somatotopic manner.
  • “The extremely early onset of these activations…, their emergence in the absence of attention, and
    their similar presence for words of different lexical classes strongly SUGGEST AUTOMATIC INVOLVEMENT of motor-specific circuits in the comprehension of action-related language

FALL 2021: CASI TERMINAMOS (7 decks)

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